1. 26-28 July 2011 JW Mariott Hotel Bangkok, Thailand
Workshop on Water Resources Demand Management Learning Forum for Irrigation
26-28 July 2011
JW Mariott Hotel
Bangkok, Thailand

2. Workshop Problems Action/Project/Lessons Learned
Suggestions/Recommendations/ Action Plan
Cooperation among AMS

3. Problems & Challenges – Cambodia (1)
Inadequate legislation framework
Institutional capacity building remain limited at both national and provincial levels
Institutional structure and arrangement: limited coordination among water-related institutions

4. Problems & Challenges – Cambodia (2)
Unplanned urban and industrial development
Water resource management is not undertaken in an integrated manner

5. Problems & Challenges – Indonesia (1)
Land acquisition
Land use change from irrigation to residential area (around Ha/year)
Farmers’ preferrences to plant palm tree than paddy
Operation and maintenance (fund, man power, discipline, etc.)

6. Problems & Challenges – Indonesia (2)
Natural disaster (i.e. Eruption of Merapi Mountain which destroyed + 10,000 Ha)
Catchment area degradation
Availability of land and water are the main constraints

7. Problems & Challenges – Lao PDR
Conduciveness of the business environment in irrigated agriculture
market and trade
technology application, and
infrastructure development and management.
Effectiveness of public management

8. Problems & Challenges – Malaysia (1)
To provide appropriate irrigation system and infrastructures to meet demand management requirement
Small size, irregular shape and unlevel paddy fields in most paddy areas
To get farmers cooperation to practice efficient water management at tertiary level

9. Problem & Challenges – Malaysia (2)
Provision of government annual budget for O&M of irrigation scheme to support State Government
Develop seed variety that are more resistant to water stress and shorter growth duration - use less water

10. Problems - Myanmar Weakness of Water User Groups (WUGs)
Low canal efficiency
Lack of Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) concept

11. Problem & Challenges - Philippines
Management Challenges
Diminishing Water Supply
Balding Irrigation Watersheds
Ineffective Hydraulic Regulation

12. Problems & Challenges – Thailand
Limitation of new water resources development
Increasing water demand (79,685 MCM in 2014 or 4.08% increase of the total water demand

13. Problems & Challenges - Vietnam (1)
Lack of awareness of the importance of water resources management in sustainable development
Conflicts between protection of water resources and water supply, water security for development
Incomplete legal system for water resources management;
Inadequate organisation and management capacity in water resources;
Lack of mechanisms and policies, especially economic and financial policies in water resources;
Inadequate and inaccurate information and data on water resources and constraints on information sharing

14. Problems & Challenges - Vietnam (2)
Unbalance between economic development and water resources protection;
Lack of attention to the importance of ensuring environmental flows and of water ecosystem protection when developing physical structures on rivers;
Polluted water can contaminate rivers, lakes and wetlands;
Removal of mangrove forests and concrete lining of the banks of river and lakes is impacting on the flora cover in the basin and reducing the self-cleaning functions and natural processes of rivers;
Inappropriate exploitation of minerals and other land-based activities in and along our rivers seriously change the living environment for many species of flora and fauna

15. Problems & Challenges - Vietnam (3)
The uneven distribution of the river network, uneven rainfall, prolonged dry seasons resulting in water supply problems in many areas;
Quantity and quality of the surface water depends on the use of water in the upstream countries;
Inadequate infrastructure for water supply and management;
High speed of urbanisation, industrialisation and intensification of agriculture;
Lack of institutional capacity

16. Problems & Challenges - Vietnam (4)
The shifting of responsibilities for water resources management to MONRE from other ministries is not yet completed;
The institutional changes on national level are not yet completed on provincial and lower levels.
Newly founded institutions for water resources management such as the provincial Departments of Natural Resources and Environment;
The capacity of institutions on all levels to monitor, control and sanction water use, land use or water pollution remains weak

17. Technical Needs (1) Cambodia:
Capacity building for govt. officials at both national and provincial level
Law enforcement
Myanmar: Technical Assistance Required
Dissemination of PIM concept
New irrigation methods

18. Technical Needs (2) Philippines Irrigation Modernization Piloting
Technical Capability Enhancement
Irrigation Statistics Validation

19. Technical Needs (3)
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia

20. Financial Needs (1)
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia

21. Financial Needs (2) Myanmar: Finance Assistance Required Canal lining
On-farm level investment
Machineries

22. LESSON LEARNED – Cambodia (1)
ADB and AFD Funding Projects
Key indicators to assess quality of the water management organization
i) the institutional link between the management body, users, and local authorities
ii ) presence/absence of an operation plan
iii) presence/absence of a maintenance plan
iv) gap between theoretical operation and/or maintenance plan s and reality
v) presence/absence of rules and regulations and the capacity of the management body to enforce them

23. LESSON LEARNED – Cambodia (2)
Two major challenges for irrigation management bodies
a) remaintenance and
b) internal rules and regulations.

24. LESSON LEARNED – Cambodia (3)
FWUC capacity building requires time, so that leaders and users capacity can be increased. Skills that need to be developed by FWUC leaders relates to:
1) irrigation scheme operation capacity (how to control water, share it amongst users with equity),
2) maintenance capacity (what job should be done and when, how to make a contract with an entrepreneur, how to control the quality of the maintenance work)

25. LESSON LEARNED – Cambodia (4)
FWUC capacity building
3) accounting capacity (how to keep clear accounts of fee collection and expenditures)
4 ) financing capacity (how to build the fee amount, how to collect a good rate)
5) enforcement capacity (what and how to enforce)

26. LESSON LEARNED – Indonesia (1)
Pressures in irrigation come from population growth, water availability, land availability, etc.
Comprehensive approach is needed to solve the problems, including demand management

27. LESSON LEARNED – Indonesia (2)
Measures in Demand Management can be form of introducing a new plantation method i.e. SRI, applying clusters plantation, empowering water user association/farmers, etc.
It is necessary to control population growth since population affect the most to water sector and irrigation.

28. LESSON LEARNED –Lao PDR
Establishing Water User Organization (WUO) in community to manage irrigation efficiently and accept responsibility for repairs, upkeep, maintenance, and also capital replacement under Irrigation Management Transfer (IMT) agreements, irrigation policy and implementation has not been successful. Communities are not able to manage asset sustainably. Irrigation schemes are not well maintained and water user organization is very weak.

29. LESSON LEARNED – Malaysia (1)
Proper irrigation scheduling can result in significant savings in irrigation time, labour, energy, and water. By carefully managing the amount of water applied, leaching of nutrients and erosion can be reduced.
No single agency entrusted with the overall planning and management of water. There is a need for one agency to pursue a more effective water management.

30. LESSON LEARNED – Malaysia (2)
Lack of people awareness on WDM issues and the greater lack of trained personnel equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge on WDM
Recycling drainage water for irrigation
Reduce conveyance losses through canal lining and pipeline network.

31. LESSON LEARNED – Myanmar (1)
Active cooperation between farmers and Irrigation Department
Appropriate cropping pattern with water rotation system
Wide area cultivation in area continuously

32. LESSON LEARNED – Myanmar (2)
Land consolidation
Farmers, organizers and supply side’s cooperation
More on-farm water management trainings for farmers

33. LESSON LEARNED – Philippines (1)

34. LESSON LEARNED – Singapore (1)

35. LESSON LEARNED – Thailand (1)

36. LESSON LEARNED – Vietnam (1)

37. BEST PRACTICES
Malaysia: Telemetry system to Muda area for managing water demand
Information (rainfall/water level) to priorities on the effective and optimum usage of water resources,
Information (water level/gate opening) for decision on water distribution

38. Best Practices - Singapore
Having larger, deeper and interconnected ponds to increase storage capacity
Adopt flexible irrigation schedule to save water by adjusting with the weather conditions. For example, do not irrigate just after rain
Irrigate in the early morning or late evening (between am or pm) to minimise evaporation losses and train workers to understand site conditions
Use drought tolerant turf species such as Bermuda and Zoysia grass
Fairway &Tee box
Green
Rough
Zoysia matrella
Bermuda tifdwarf
Seashore tascalum
Serangoon grass
Axonopus compressus Cow grass
Zoysia

39. Best Practices - Singapore
Apply wetting agent to promote retention of moisture in the turf
Prevent over irrigation which can cause excessive growth and plant diseases
Design sprinklers to provide uniform water distribution and by having overlapping coverage to promote healthy turf grass. The most common and efficient sprinkler spacing is Head-to-Head whereby sprinklers are spaced at their radii
Automatic irrigation system with central control and weather station is one of the most efficient and effective irrigation system

40. Vegetable Farms Best practices - Singapore
Ponds are sized adequately so that there is sufficient irrigation water even during dry weather
Internal filter system to prevent clogging of sprinkler heads
Some have pipes underneath soil to channel excess ground water back to pond
Overhead micro sprinklers are used instead of drop irrigation because machines or humans are required to till the land after harvest. No potable water is used for irrigation because if not cost effective. 40

41. Best practices - Singapore
Most farms using overhead mist irrigation system to ensure good coverage and easier absorption by plants. This helps to cool temperature as well.
Irrigation only carried out on a need basis, average once/day for 10 minutes
No irrigation is done on rainy days. Depending on soil moisture, there can be no irrigation for 2-3 days after heavy rain
Overhead micro sprinklers are used instead of drop irrigation because machines or humans are required to till the land after harvest
1 solution to cure rhizonia is to spray fungicide. 41

42. Best practices - Singapore
Farmers do not overwater because fear of drowning and diseases such as Rhizonia
Usually covered with special type of translucent netting to allow sufficient sunlight penetration while protecting plants from excessive rain.
Overhead micro sprinklers are used instead of drop irrigation because machines or humans are required to till the land after harvest 42

43. BEST PRACTICES
Thailand: Increase water use efficiency through irrigation system operation and maintenance, improvement and modernization, cost recovery/sharing, and changing cropping patterns

44. Action – Indonesia
Optimizing the existing water infrastructures/irrigation with prioritization, i.e. proper O&M, Rehabilitation, upgrading and construction of new irrigation networks
Plantation arrangement including empowerment of water user associations
Participatory approach and decentralization

45. Action Planning – Myanmar (1)
New demand initiatives
Extension of new agricultural lands
Increase of irrigated farmlands
Extension of urban areas
Increase of industrial zones
Village-wise small tanks in Central Dry Zone (CDZ)
Transbasin water diversion projects
On-farm water management farmers’ training

46. Action Planning – Myanmar (2)
Poverty reduction and farmer motivation for more investment and technical know-how.
Allow the cultivation of cash crops in irrigated areas
Promotion of well-organized Water User Groups
Promotion of farmers’ training
Inviting participation from inside the country and abroad

47. Action – Thailand (1)
Industry Sector: the 3 R principle (reduce reuse and recycle ) was applied in some places.

48. Action – Thailand (2) Water Efficiency for Agriculture
To introduce crops and less water-consuming cultivation
To apply concrete lining for irrigation system
To promote drip irrigation
To use treated water for irrigation

49. Action – Thailand (3) Water Efficiency for Agriculture
Support technology to increase water efficiency, e.g. change in cropping pattern or research on less water-consuming crops
To limit amount of water in case of water scarcity

50. Action – Vietnam (1)
Develop a uniform way of water management in all fields based on a river-basin approach.
Allow a shift in policies from supply-focused to demand-focused approach for the irrigation sector;
Strengthen the policy and institutional framework for water demand management;
Improve compliance and enforcement and deepen public participation and involvement;
Expand and diversify investment in infrastructure for irrigation

51. Action – Vietnam (2)
Reflect the nature of water service products more effectively.
Allow the (re)implementation of fees, duties and tax policies.
Reflect the real costs of a water unit in order to ensure the security and sustainability of water services.
Promote more proactive engagement in regional riparian cooperation and improving information management,
Complete separation of the water management and service functions to support further decentralization of management authorities

52. STRATEGIES & PRIORITY
Strategies
Priority

53. ACTIVITIES & PRIORITY
Activities
Priority

54. PLAN OF ACTION
Plan
Priority

55. PLAN OF ACTION
Plan
Priority

56. THANK YOU