1. Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease 11th edition
Chapter 7
The Skeleton:
Bones and Joints

2. The Skeleton
Skeletal system is made up of bones, joints, and supporting connective tissue

3. Bones Several functions To serve as a firm framework for the body
To protect delicate structures such as the brain and spinal cord
To work as levers to produce movement
To store calcium salts
To produce blood cells

4. Bone Structure Types of bone (osseous) tissue Compact bone
Spongy (cancellous) bone
Bone marrow
Red marrow
Yellow marrow
Bone membranes
Periosteum
Endosteum

5. The skeleton.

6. The structure of a long bone.

7. Compact bone tissue.

8. Checkpoint 7-1: A long bone has a long narrow shaft and two irregular ends. What are the scientific names for the shaft and the ends of a long bone?
Checkpoint 7-2: What are the two types of osseus (bone) tissue and where is each type found?

9. Bone Growth and Repair Types of bone cells
Osteoblasts manufacture the matrix
Osteocytes maintain and repair existing bone matrix
Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue
Ossification is conversion of cartilage to bone

10. Checkpoint 7-3: What are the three types of cells found in bone and what is the role of each?

11. Question: Which of these is a bone-building cell. a. osteoblast b
Question: Which of these is a bone-building cell? a. osteoblast b. osteoclast c. osteocyte

12. Answer: a. osteoblast

13. Formation of a Long Bone
Cartilage begins to turn into bone
Epiphyseal plates develop across bone ends
Bones continue to lengthen
Bones stop lengthening
Bone resorption and formation continues

14. Checkpoint 7-4: As the embryonic skeleton is converted from cartilage to bone, the intercellular matrix becomes hardened. What compounds are deposited in the matrix to harden it?
Checkpoint 7-5: After birth, long bones continue to grow in length at secondary centers. What are these centers called?

15. Bone Markings Distinguishing features Projections Head Process Condyle
Crest
Spine
Depressions or holes
Foramen
Sinus
Fossa
Meatus

16. Checkpoint 7-6: Bones have a number of projections, depressions, and holes. What are some functions of these markings?

17. Bones of the Axial Skeleton
Two main groups of bones
Axial skeleton—80 bones of the head and trunk
Appendicular skeleton—126 bones of the extremities

18. Framework of the Skull
Cranial bones
Facial bones
Infant skull

19. Framework of the Skull, cont’d
Cranial bones
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Occipital

20. Framework of the Skull, cont’d
Facial bones
Mandible
Maxillae
Zygomatic
Nasal
Lacrimal
Vomer
Palatine
Inferior nasal conchae
Ossicle
Hyoid

21. Framework of the Skull, cont’d
Infant skull
Anterior fontanel

22. Question: What bones make up the “cheekbones”. a. sphenoid bones b
Question: What bones make up the “cheekbones”? a. sphenoid bones b. conchae c. zygomatic bones

23. Answer: c. zygomatic bones

24. The skull.
ZOOMING IN • What type of joint is between bones of the skull?

25. The skull, inferior view.
ZOOMING IN
• What two bones make up each side of the hard palate?

26. Floor of cranium, superior view.
ZOOMING IN
• What is a foramen?

27. The skull, sagittal section.

28. Infant skull, showing fontanels.
ZOOMING IN
• Which is the largest fontanel?

29. Framework of the Trunk Vertebral column Cervical vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
Sacral vertebrae (sacrum)
Coccygeal vertebrae (coccyx)
Thorax
Sternum
Ribs
True ribs
False ribs
Manubrium
Clavicular notch
Sternal angle
Xiphoid process

30. Vertebral column, left lateral view.
ZOOMING IN
• From an anterior view, which group(s) of vertebrae form a convex curve?
• Which group(s) form a concave curve?

31. The vertebral column and vertebrae

32. The first two cervical vertebrae.

33. Bones of the thorax, anterior view.
ZOOMING IN
• To what bones do the costal cartilages attach?

34. Checkpoint 7-7: The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the skull and the trunk. What bones make up the skeleton of the trunk?
Checkpoint 7-8: What are the five regions of the vertebral column?

35. Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton
Two divisions
Upper
Lower

36. The Upper Division of the Appendicular Skeleton
The shoulder girdle
Clavicle (collarbone)
Scapula (shoulder blade)
Supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa
Acromion
Glenoid cavity
Coracoid process

37. The Upper Division of the Appendicular Skeleton, cont’d
The upper extremity
Humerus (arm bone)
Medial and lateral epicondyles
Trochlea
Ulna and radius (forearm bones)
Distal projection (styloid process)
Olecranon
Trochlear notch (semilunar notch)
Carpal bones
Metacarpal bones
Phalanges (finger bones)

38. Question: Where is the olecranon. a. On the proximal end of the ulna b
Question: Where is the olecranon? a. On the proximal end of the ulna b. On the proximal end of the humerus c. On the distal end of the radius

39. Answer: a. On the proximal end of the ulna

40. The shoulder girdle and scapula.
ZOOMING IN • What does the prefix supra mean? • What does the prefix infra mean?

41. Question: What is the anatomic term for fingers and toes. a. tarsals b
Question: What is the anatomic term for fingers and toes? a. tarsals b. phalanges c. carpals

42. Answer: b. phalanges

43. The Lower Division of the Appendicular Skeleton
The pelvic bones
Ilium
Iliac crest
Anterior superior iliac spine
Ischium
Ischial spine
Ischial tuberosity
Pubis
Pubic symphysis
Acetabulum
Obturator foramen
Ossa coxae

44. The pelvic bones.
ZOOMING IN • What bone is nicknamed the “sit bone”?

45. Comparison of male and female pelvis, anterior view.

46. The Lower Division of the Appendicular Skeleton, cont’ d
The lower extremity
Femur
Greater trochanter
Lesser trochanter
Linea aspera
Patella
Tibia (shin bone)
Medial malleolus
Fibula
Lateral malleolus
Tarsal bones
Calcaneus (heel bone)
Metatarsal bones
Phalanges

47. The right femur (thigh bone).

48. Tibia and fibula of the right leg.
ZOOMING IN
• What is the medial bone of the leg?

49. Checkpoint 7-9: What division of the skeleton consists of the bones of the shoulder girdle, hip, and extremities?

50. Disorders of Bone Metabolic diseases Tumors Infections
Structural problems

51. Metabolic Disorders
Characterized by a lack of normal bone formation or excess loss of bone tissue
Osteoporosis
Osteopenia
Paget’s disease (osteitis deformans)
Osteomalacia (in children, rickets)

52. Tumors Two types found in bone tissue Benign Malignant Osteosarcomas
Chondrosarcomas

53. Infection Two types found in bone tissue Osteomyelitis
Inflammation of the bone caused by pyogenic bacteria
Tuberculosis
Pott disease (tuberculosis of the spine)

54. Structural Disorders Curvatures of the spine Kyphosis (hunchback)
Lordosis (swayback)
Scoliosis
Cleft palate
Flatfoot

55. Fractures Types of fractures Closed Open Greenstick Impacted
Comminuted
Spiral
Transverse
Oblique

56. Question: This type of bone fracture, in which one side of the bone is bent, the other broken, is most common in children. What is it? a. comminuted b. spiral c. greenstick

57. Answer: c. greenstick

58. Skeletal Changes in the Aging
Bones undergo significant changes
Loss of calcium salts
Decrease in protein
Reduction in collagen
Loss of height
Decrease in chest diameter

59. The Joints
Classified by material between adjoining bones and by degree of movement permitted
Fibrous
Synarthrosis (immovable)
Cartilaginous
Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)
Synovial
Diarthrosis (freely movable)

60. Checkpoint 7-10: What are the three types of joints classified according to the type of material between the adjoining bones?

61. More About Synovial Joints
Bones are joined by other structures in synovial joints
Ligaments
Joint capsule
Hyaline (articular) cartilage
Medial meniscus and lateral meniscus
Fat
Bursae

62. Structure of a synovial joint.

63. Types of Synovial Joints
Classified by types of movement they allow
Gliding
Hinge
Pivot
Condyloid
Saddle
Ball-and-socket

64. Question: What type of joint is your elbow. a. hinge joint b
Question: What type of joint is your elbow? a. hinge joint b. ball-and-socket joint c. saddle joint

65. Answer: a. hinge joint

66. Movement at Synovial Joints
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction
Rotation
Movements characteristic of forearm and ankle
Supination
Pronation
Inversion
Eversion
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion

67. Question: Doing “Jumping Jacks” exercises is a perfect example of what synovial joint movement(s)? a. flexion/extension b. abduction/adduction c. inversion/eversion

68. Answer: b. abduction/adduction

69. Checkpoint 7-11: What is the most freely movable type of joint?

70. Disorders of Joints Mechanical disorders Dislocation Sprain
Herniated disk
Arthritis
Osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease [DJD])
Rheumatoid arthritis
Septic (infectious) arthritis
Gout
Backache
Vertebrae diseases
Intervertebral disk disorders
Supporting structure abnormalities
Abdominopelvic disorders
Lumbosacral joint strains

71. Arthroscopic examination of the knee.

72. Checkpoint 7-12: What is the most common type of joint disorder?

73. End of Presentation