1. Articulations
Chapter 9

2. Introduction Skeleton composition Articulation
Many bones joined together (articulated)
Articulation
Joints
Advantages and disadvantages of strong vs. weak joints

3. Functional Classification
Synarthroses – immoveable
Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable
Diarthroses – freely moveable

4. Structural Classification
Fibrous joints
Lack joint cavity
Held together by fibrous connective tissue
Synarthritic or amphiarthritic
Cartilaginous joints
Held together by cartilage
Synovial joints
Joint cavity present
Held together by ligaments
Diarthritic

5. Synarthroses Sutures – found between skull bones Types
Held together by dense fibrous connective tissue
Types
Serrate
Squamous
Plane
Synostoses

6. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Serrate Suture
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7. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Squamous Suture
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8. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Plane Suture
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9. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Synostoses
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10. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
More Synarthroses
Synchondroses
Held together by hyaline cartilage
May form synostoses
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11. More Synarthroses Gomphosis Held together by ligaments
Cone-shaped pet fits into a socket

12. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Amphiarthroses
Symphyses
Held together by fibrocartilage
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13. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
More Amphiarthroses
Syndesmoses
Held together by collagen fibers
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14. Diarthroses – Synovial Joints
Most common joints
Characteristics
Joint cavity
Articular cartilage
Articular capsule
Fibrous layer
Synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid
Accessory ligaments
Menisci
Bursae
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15. Movements at Synovial Joints
Limitations
Types of movements
Gliding
Back & forth, side to side
Surfaces are flat
Angular
Increase or decrease angles between bones

16. Types of Angular Movements

17. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Flexion & Extension
FG08_03B1.JPG
Title: Angular Movements
Notes: Examples of movements that change the angle between the shaft and the articular base.
Keywords: angular movements, adbuction, adduction, hyperextension, extension, flexion, circumduction
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
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18. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Flexion & Extension
FG08_03B2.JPG
Title: Angular Movements
Notes: Examples of movements that change the angle between the shaft and the articular base.
Keywords: angular movements, adbuction, adduction, hyperextension, extension, flexion, circumduction
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

19. Dorsiflexion & Plantar Flexion
FG08_05B.JPG
Title: Special Movements
Notes: Examples of special terms used to describe movement at specific joints or unique direction of movement.
Keywords: special movements, eversion, inversion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, lateral flexion, retraction, protraction, opposition, elevation, depression
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
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20. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Abduction & Adduction
FG08_03A1.JPG
Title: Angular Movements
Notes: Examples of movements that change the angle between the shaft and the articular base.
Keywords: angular movements, adbuction, adduction, hyperextension, extension, flexion, circumduction
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

21. Abduction & Adduction in Fingers
FG08_03C.JPG
Title: Angular Movements
Notes: Examples of movements that change the angle between the shaft and the articular base.
Keywords: angular movements, adbuction, adduction, hyperextension, extension, flexion, circumduction
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

22. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Rotation
FG08_04A.JPG
Title: Rotational Movements
Notes: Examples of motion in which the shaft of the bone rotates.
Keywords: rotational movements, right rotation, left rotation, external rotation, lateral, internal rotation, medial, supination, pronation
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
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23. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Circumduction
FG08_03D.JPG
Title: Angular Movements
Notes: Examples of movements that change the angle between the shaft and the articular base.
Keywords: angular movements, adbuction, adduction, hyperextension, extension, flexion, circumduction
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

24. Special Types of Angular Movements

25. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Inversion & Eversion
FG08_05A.JPG
Title: Special Movements
Notes: Examples of special terms used to describe movement at specific joints or unique direction of movement.
Keywords: special movements, eversion, inversion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, lateral flexion, retraction, protraction, opposition, elevation, depression
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

26. Protraction & Retraction
FG08_05D.JPG
Title: Special Movements
Notes: Examples of special terms used to describe movement at specific joints or unique direction of movement.
Keywords: special movements, eversion, inversion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, lateral flexion, retraction, protraction, opposition, elevation, depression
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

27. Elevation & Depression
FG08_05F.JPG
Title: Special Movements
Notes: Examples of special terms used to describe movement at specific joints or unique direction of movement.
Keywords: special movements, eversion, inversion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, lateral flexion, retraction, protraction, opposition, elevation, depression
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

28. Subtypes of Synovial Joints

29. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Gliding Joint
Flat surfaces
Biaxial movement only
eg. Between carpals
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30. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Hinge Joint
Convex surface fits into concave surface
Monaxial movement
Flexion, extension
eg. elbow
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31. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Pivot Joint
Rounded surface articulates within a ring
Monaxial movement
Rotation
eg. between atlas & axis
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32. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Ellipsoidal Joint
Oval-shaped condyle fits into elliptical cavity
Biaxial movement
eg. between radius & carpals
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33. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Saddle Joint
Articular surfaces of both bones are concave in one direction and convex in the other
biaxial movement
eg. Between 1st metacarpal of thumb
& trapezium
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34. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Ball and Socket Joint
Ball-like surface fits into cuplike depression
Triaxial movement
Flexion, extension
Abduction, adduction
Rotation
eg. shoulder
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35. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Anatomy of the Knee
Joint between femur & tibia
Hinge joint but looks like ellipsoidal joint
Four ligaments hold it together
Menisci and bursae are present
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36. Disorders

37. Dislocation

38. Bursitis

39. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Slipped Disc
FG08_09A.JPG
Title: Damage to the Intervertebral Discs
Notes: (a) Lateral view of the lumbar spinal region, showing a distorted (slipped) intervertebral disc. (b) Sectional view through a herniated disc, showing displacement of the nucleus pulposus and its effect on the spinal cord and adjacent nerves.
Keywords: intervertebral disc, damage, lateral, lumbar, distorted, slipped disc, anulus fibrosus, spinal cord
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40. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Arthritis
Arthritis – inflammation of joints
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Gouty arthritis
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41. Gouty Arthritis

42. Osteoarthritis

43. Rheumatoid Arthritis