1. THE DIFFICULT AIRWAY P. Andrews F08

2. Stages Of Respiratory Compromise n Respiratory Distress n Respiratory Failure n Respiratory Arrest

3. THE DIFFICULT AIRWAY The Key is to maintain: n Oxygenation n Ventilation

4. The Difficult Airway A difficult airway can be defined as a clinical situation in which a conventionally trained ALS provider experiences difficulty with: Bag mask ventilation Bag mask ventilation Difficulty with tracheal intubation Difficulty with tracheal intubation Or both. Or both.

5. Complexity The difficult airway represents a complex interaction between patient factors, the prehospital/clinical setting, and the skills of the EMS provider.

6. Difficult Mask Ventilation n Not possible for the EMS provider to maintain the SpO2 >90% using 100% oxygen and positive pressure mask ventilation. n It is not possible for the EMS provider to prevent or reverse signs of inadequate ventilation during PPV.

7. THE DIFFICULT AIRWAY n Difficult to oxygenate and ventilate (BVM) n Beard n Obese n No Teeth n Elderly n Snores

8. The Difficult Airway n Difficult to intubate n Look at head and neck n Evaluate ability to open mouth & access oropharynx n Mallampati or Cormack Scales n Obstruction n Neck Mobility

10. Look at head and neck: n Anatomical Features n Recessed Chin n Buck teeth n Short neck or “no neck” n Signs of previous surgery

13. Difficult Endotracheal Intubation n Proper insertion of the tracheal tube with conventional laryngoscopy requires more than three attempts n Proper insertion of the tracheal tube with conventional laryngoscopy requires more than 10 minutes.

14. Intubation Difficulty May Be Due To: n Incorrect position of the patient n Inadequate or improper equipment n Unusual or abnormal anatomy n Pathologic causes

15. Evaluate Access to Oral Cavity n Opening of mouth <20 mm predisposes to difficult airway

16. n Rule of thumb: an opening of at least two large finger breadths between upper and lower incisors in the adult is desirable Evaluate Access to Oral Cavity

17. Mallampati Scale

18. Assessing the Oral Cavity

19. Cormack Scale

20. Difficult Laryngoscopy n It is not possible to visualize any portion of the vocal cords with conventional laryngoscopy.

21. Factors Contributing to Difficult Laryngoscopy n The following factors may be contributors to a difficult airway: –Obstruction –Infections –Trauma –Rheumatoid Arthritis –Congenital Problems –Pregnancy

22. Obstruction n Foreign body airway obstruction is a common cause of failed airways. n Direct laryngoscopy must be used with caution as it may result in further advancement of the foreign body into the airway

23. Obstruction n Obstruction of the airway can also be anatomical or pathological, causing narrowing or complete blockage of the airway.

24. Infections n Infectious processes such as abscesses, croup, bronchitis, and pneumonia can distort normal anatomy.

25. Trauma n Maxillofacial or head trauma may distort normal airway anatomy, resulting in clenched teeth and edema.

26. Obesity n Obesity results in airway and respiratory problems secondary to altered respiratory pathophysiology and distorted upper airway anatomy.

27. Rheumatoid Arthritis n Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other connective tissue diseases often limit ROM of the cervical spine.

28. Tumors n Tumors of the neck and airway can distort anatomy, limiting the space for instrumentation.

29. Congenital Disorders n Congenital disorders may be associated with airway difficulty due to mandibular hypoplasia, cervical abnormalities, large tongue or a cleft palate.

30. Pregnancy n Pregnancy is associated with a difficult upper airway, an increased risk of aspiration and limited tolerance to apnea.

31. The Most Difficult Airway When the EMT or Paramedic insists that he can “get it” Almost a guarantee the patient will die

32. What to do? n Be prepared –Equipment in good working condition n Alternative equipment n Different personal positioning n Different positioning of the patient –On the floor –To open airway

33. The Rule! n Experienced providers – two attempts at intubation n New providers – one attempt n Use a King airway or Combi-tube n THE PRIORITY IS TO CONTROL THE AIRWAY

34. Summary n The difficult airway is a significant problem to the patient and EMS provider in terms of mortality, morbidity and cost.

35. Summary nIt is imperative to be aware of the factors that contribute to a difficult airway so that: nEMS providers may improve their ability to be prepared nThe morbidity and mortality of difficult airway patients can be minimized nPatient outcome can be improved upon

36. Questions?

37. THE DIFFICULT AIRWAY n BIBLIOGRAPHY –Walker LA: Using Rapid Sequence to Facilitate Tracheal Intubation. Emergency Med Reports 14:125-132, 1993. –Chari R: Drugs for Conscious Sedation and Neuromuscular Paralysis. Emergency Med Reports 19:9-20, 1998 –McAllister JD, Gnauck KA: Rapid Sequence Intubation of the Pediatric Patient. Ped Clin NA 46:1249-1276, 1999. –Pousman RM: Rapid Sequence Induction for Prehospital Providers. Www.ispub.com/journals/IJEICM/Vo14N1/rapid.htm.