1. Diseases Non-Infectious = Noncommunicable Infectious = Communicable

2. Pathogens can spread through contact with How Pathogens Are Spread an infected person an infected animal contaminated objects contaminated food contaminated soil contaminated water The pathogens can then enter the body through breaks in the skin or through the moist linings of the eyes, ears, nose, mouth, or other openings.

3. Many infectious diseases are spread through some form of contact with a person who has the disease. Infected People The contact may be direct physical contact. Infectious diseases can also spread through indirect contact.

4. Some infectious diseases are transmitted to humans through the bites of animals. Infected Animals

5. Some pathogens can survive for a period of time outside a person’s body. Contaminated Objects These pathogens can be spread from person to person on objects such as doorknobs eating utensils towels needles used for body piercings and tattoos

6. Some pathogens are naturally present in food and soil. Contaminated Food, Soil, or Water Sometimes water and food become contaminated with pathogens from infected people.

7. Non-infectious Noncommunicable Diseases Diseases that are not transmitted by another person, organism, or the environment.

8. A person whose blood pressure consistently measures 140/90 or higher has hypertension, or high blood pressure. Hypertension Over time, hypertension can lead to heart disease. You can reduce your risk of developing hypertension by exercising regularly maintaining a healthy weight reducing stress eating foods that are low in sodium

9. Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis High blood Pressure High levels of cholesterol in the blood Physical inactivity Smoking Stress Diet

10. Atherosclerosis (ath uh roh skluh ROH sis) is a disease in which fatty substances, including cholesterol (kuh LES tur awl), build up on the inside walls of arteries. These deposits, called plaque (plak), narrow or block the arteries. Atherosclerosis Coronary Heart Disease When atherosclerosis starts to develop in the arteries that supply blood to the heart, it can lead to coronary heart disease. Angina pectoris (an JY nuh PEK tur is) is the chest pain that occurs when an area of the heart does not get enough oxygen-rich blood.

11. Plaque

12. A heart attack occurs when some of the tissue in the heart doesn’t receive its normal blood supply and dies. Heart Attack The cause is usually a blood clot that forms in a coronary artery that has been narrowed by atherosclerosis.

13. Irregular heartbeats, or arrhythmias (uh RITH mee uhs), are another form of heart disease. The heart may beat too slowly or too quickly, or with an uneven rhythm. Arrhythmia

14. Congestive Heart Failure is a condition in which the heart slowly weakens over time. Congestive Heart Failure Usually, years of atherosclerosis and high blood pressure can lead to congestive heart failure. As the heart weakens, it is unable to pump as much blood as it once did.

15. A stroke is a sudden disruption of blood flow to part of the brain. Strokes can occur when an artery that supplies blood to an area of the brain is blocked. Stroke Cerebral hemorrhage may also be caused by a head injury or by an aneurysm that bursts. An aneurysm (AN yuh riz um) is a blood-filled weak spot that balloons out from the artery wall.

16. Top View of Brain Cerebral hemorrhage

17. Heredity Having a family history of certain cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, may increase your risk of developing those diseases. Risks You Cannot Control Ethnicity Some diseases strike people of certain ethnicities disproportionately. Gender Some cardiovascular diseases strike men and women at different rates. Age As people age, their risk of cardiovascular disease increases.

18. Maintain a healthy weight. Risks You Can Control Eat a healthy diet. Be physically active. Manage stress. Monitor your blood pressure. Avoid smoking and drinking.

19. Diabetes (dy uh BEE teez) is a disease in which the body’s ability to use glucose (blood sugar) is impaired. Diabetes Diabetes involves insulin (IN suh lin), a hormone produced by the pancreas that stimulates body cells to take up and use blood sugar. If not controlled, diabetes can be life-threatening. People with diabetes are also at risk for heart disease stroke kidney disease blindness infections requiring amputation complications during pregnancy

20. A person with type 1 diabetes produces little or no insulin. Type 1 Diabetes Without insulin, glucose levels in the blood remain high. Symptoms include thirst frequent urination nausea hunger fatigue weight loss Daily doses of insulin via injections or pump Most people with Type 1 Diabetes are usually born with it and have it their whole lives

21. People with type 2 diabetes produce sufficient insulin, but their body cells do not respond normally to insulin. Type 2 Diabetes As with type 1 diabetes, the result is a high level of glucose in the blood. Symptoms are the same as for type 1 diabetes, but also include drowsiness itching blurred vision numbness in the hands or feet frequent, hard to heal infections Risk factors for type 2 diabetes include a family history of diabetes, being overweight, and a lack of physical activity.

22. An allergy is a disorder in which the immune system is overly sensitive to a particular substance not normally found in the body. Allergies Any substance that causes an allergy is called an allergen.

23. Slide 23 of 19 Asthma Asthma is a disorder in which a person’s respiratory passages become inflamed and narrow significantly in reaction to certain “triggers.” Asthma attacks can be triggered by many things, including certain allergens stress cold weather tobacco smoke exercise During an attack, a person may wheeze, cough, or become short of breath.

24. Bronchus Lung An Asthma Attack

25. Slide 25 of 19 Arthritis Inflammation or irritation of a joint is known as arthritis (ahr THRY tis). Arthritis results in joint stiffness, joint pain, or swelling in one or more joints. There is no cure for most types of arthritis.

26. The most common type of arthritis is osteoarthritis (ahs tee oh ahr THRY tis). Osteoarthritis This form of arthritis is caused by wear and tear on a joint after years of use or by repeated injuries to a joint. Osteoarthritis can occur in almost any joint, but most commonly occurs in hips, knees, spine, and fingers. Treatment for osteoarthritis may involve drugs, heat and cold treatments, and exercise.

27. In rheumatoid arthritis (ROO muh toyd), the membrane surrounding a joint becomes inflamed. Rheumatoid Arthritis Any joint in the body may be affected by rheumatoid arthritis, although joints in the wrist and knuckles are most commonly affected. Treatment includes aspirin or other anti-inflammatory drugs, exercise, and rest.

28. Ulcer Open sore on an external or internal surface of the body. This sore is caused by a break in skin or mucous membrane that fails. A person can get antibiotics, antacids to decrease the pain. Ulcerspictures.com Ulcerspictures.com

29. Cataracts Eye disease that involves the clouding of the natural lens of the eye.

30. Emphysema Condition in which air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged causing breathlessness.

31. Alzheimer’s Progressive degenerative disorder that attacks the brains nerve cells or neurons.

33. Causes of Cancer Heredity Some people inherit genes that have a tendency to change, or mutate, into forms that allow cells to reproduce too rapidly. A normal gene that has changed into a cancer-causing gene is called an oncogene (AHN kuh jeen). Environment The environment contains cancer-causing agents known as carcinogens (kahr SIN uh junz). Carcinogens can cause mutations in genes that control cell reproduction.

34. Slide 34 of 16 How Cancer Affects the Body Cancer is a group of diseases that involves the rapid, uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Cancer harms the body by destroying healthy body tissues. Cancer cells typically form a mass of tissue called a tumor. The word malignant (muh LIG nunt) is used to describe a cancerous tumor. Benign is a noncancerous tumor