1. BY: MADDIE LOCKWOOD & LAUREN BALERUD Skeletal System

2. Function of the System Provide points of attachment for muscles Protect and support soft tissue House blood producing cells Store inorganic salts Contain passageways for blood vessels and nerves

3. Parts of the System Bones- organs of the skeletal system Cartilage- cells in lacunae separated by an extracellular matrix Ligaments- connect bone to bone Tendons- connect bone to muscle

4. Long Bone Anatomy Epiphysis: expanded portion at ends of each bone Articular Cartilage: hyaline cartilage on outer surface of epiphysis Diaphysis: the shaft of the bone Periosteum: tough, fibrous covering of the bone

5. Long Bone Anatomy Compact Bone: tightly packed tissue that makes up the diaphysis Spongy Bone: light weight bones with spaces that make up the epiphysis Medullary Cavity: hollow chamber inside diaphysis Endosteum: lines medullary cavity Marrow: soft connective tissue that fills the medullary cavity

6. Endochondral Bone Development A) As structure grows, cartilage cells begin to degenerate: enlarge, die, and calcify. B) Blood vessels bring bone-forming cells that develop the periosteum around the cartilage shaft. C) Bone forming cells secrete new bone to replace cartilage. The two sites of these activities are called Primary Ossification Centers in the diaphysis.

7. Endochondral Bone Development D) A medullary cavity forms in the diaphysis and is filled with marrow. Secondary centers of ossification begin in the epiphyses. E) Cartilage between the epiphyses and diaphysis become the epiphyseal plate. When this cartilage is replaced by bone cells, the bone lengthens. F) The epiphyseal plate becomes an epiphyseal line, and bone lengthening stops.

8. Intramembranous Bone Formation Osteoblasts form spongy bone around themselves by depositing bony matrix Once matrix completely surrounds the osteoblasts they become osteocytes, or mature bone cells.  Osteoclasts: Break down bone  Osteoblasts: Build up bone

9. Classes of Joints Fibrous: Immovable  Sutures between skull bones Cartilaginous: Slightly Movable  Disks between vertebrae Synovial: Movable  elbow joint, hip joint, knee joint, etc.  Some have menisci (shock absorbing pads) and some of bursae (fluid like sacs).

10. 6 Types of Synovial Joints Ball-and-Socket Joint (most movement)  Hip or Shoulder Condyloid  Metacarpal to proximal phalange Gliding  Carpals Hinge (moves in one direction)  Elbow and Knee Pivot  Neck Rotation (atlas and axis vertebrae) Saddle  Thumb

11. 6 Types of Synovial Joints

12. Skeletal Organization Axial Skeleton: includes the skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage Appendicular Skeleton: includes the pectoral girdle, the upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs

13. 23 Major Bones of Body Cervical Vertebrae Thoracic Vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae

14. Diseases Spina Bifida Bone Cancer

15. Diseases Osteoporosis Arthritis

16. Works Cited Baxamusa, Batul. “Facts About the Skeletal System.” Buzzle. Buzzel.com. Web. 1 Mar. 2015. "Bone Cancer: MedlinePlus." U.S National Library of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Web. 20 Feb. 2015. "Chapter 6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues."Chapter 6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Web. 20 Feb. 2015. "Musculo-skeletal Support." Types of Synovial Joints. Web. 4 Mar. 2015. "Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoarthritis and Spinal Arthritis - Cedars-Sinai."Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoarthritis and Spinal Arthritis - Cedars-Sinai. Web. 20 Feb. 2015. Shier, David, and Jackie Butler. Hole's Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology. 9th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2006. Print. "Skeleton Label." Skeleton Label. Web. 4 Mar. 2015.