1. Classification and mobility

2.  Fibrous - no joint cavity, joined by fibrous tissue, mobility depends on the length of the tissue, most are immovable  Cartilaginous - lack a cavity and bones are joined by cartilage which allows for compression and resilience but not mobility  Synovial – fluid containing joint cavity, freedom of movement, majority of joints

3.  Suture ◦ Bones connected by short fibers ◦ Immovable ◦ Found in the skull  Syndesmosis ◦ Bones connected by longer fibers, ligaments ◦ Ex. The connection of the tibia and fibia, immovable ◦ Ex. The connection of the radius and ulna slightly movable allowing for rotation  Gomphoses ◦ Periodontal ligament ◦ Connects the tooth to the bony alveolar socket ◦ Immovable as if “hammered in”

4.  Synchondroses ◦ A plate of hyaline cartilage unites the two bones ◦ Joint between the growth plate of long bones and the mature bone, seen in children ◦ Joint between the first rib and the manubrium of the sternum  Symphyses ◦ The hyaline cartilage at the end of the bone is connected to a pad of fibrocartilage which is more compressible and resilient, allowing the joint to absorb shock and be flexible ◦ Intervertebral joints and the pubic symphysis of the pelvic bone

5.  Same general structure  Types: plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket  Freely movable, depends on design  Bursae and Tendon Sheaths ◦ Assist with flexibility of the joint ◦ Bursae are fluid filled sacs that line the area where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, and bones rub together.

7.  a. Plane  b. Hinge  c. Pivot  d. Condyloid  e. Saddle  f. Ball and socket

8.  Every skeletal muscle is attached in no less than two points. ◦ Muscle origin is attached to an immovable bone ◦ Muscle insertion is attached to a movable bone  Movement occurs when muscles contract across a joint  Described by the direction in relation to the axis: nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial

9.  Gliding- simple back-and-forth, and side to side ◦ Include the tarsal and carpal ◦ Include the vertebra ◦ And is incorporated into other movements  Angular- increase or decrease the angle between two bones ◦ Movement of limb by flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction  Rotation- turning a bone on its axis ◦ Include hip and shoulder ◦ Include the 1 st two cervical vertebrae

10. Common Joint Injuries  Sprain- ligaments stretched or torn  Cartilage injuries- can not heal must be removed or joints can get locked up  Dislocations- bones are forced out of alignment Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions Bursistis- inflammation of the bursa Tendonitis- inflamation of tendon sheaths Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis Gout Arthritis- high uric acid levels accumulate and inflame the joints