1. By: Jade Rinehart & Sydney Black
Chapter 5 LANGUAGE
By: Jade Rinehart & Sydney Black

2. Language
Definition: A system of communication through speech, a collection of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same meaning
Many countries designate an official language that is used by government for laws, money and stamps
A system of written communication in many countries

3. Language Family
Is the collection of individual languages believed to be related in their pre-historical origin
The most commonly
spoken is Indo-European

4. Language Branch
Collection of languages that possesses a definite common origin but has split into individual languages
Example: Romance languages

5. Language Group
Collection of several individual languages that is part of a branch shares a common origin in the recent past, and has relatively similar grammar and vocabulary
Example: Spanish and French

6. Indo-European Family Divided into 8 Branches
Germanic- languages ( English, German, Danish, Norwegian and Sweden) that reflect the expansion of people out of the Northern Europe to the west and south
Indo-Iranian- Languages ( Arabic, Farsi, Kurdish) which are spoken in South Asia
Balto-Slavic- Languages (Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian) that developed as Slavic people migrated from a base in present day Ukraine close to 2000 years ago
Romance- Languages ( French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, and Portuguese) that lie in the areas that were once controlled by the Roman Empire

7. The Language Tree 19 language families
Each family has its own branch, and each branch has its own group, each branch has its own language, each language has its own dialect

8. Classification of Languages
Indo-European Family
-Includes English
Sino-Tibetan
-mainly in China
Afro-Asiatic
-mainly in Middle East
Austronesian
-mostly in South East Asia
Niger-Congo
-mainly in Africa
Dravidian Family
-mainly in India
Altaic Family
-mainly in Asia
Austro-Asiatic
-mostly in South East Asia
Japanese
-mostly in Japan

9. Origin of English The Diffusion of English
From England to North America
- Jamestown, VA 1607
- Plymouth, Mass 1620
-First language for 328 million people
-Spoken by half-billion people
-Official language in 57 countries
-Australia and U.S. Two most predominate countries where English is spoken

10. Multilingual States
Countries in which more than one language is in use
Northern and Southern Belgium have had conflict and difficulty being a multilingual state
Helpful Hint!
-Multi: More than 1 language is spoken fluently

11. Monolingual States Countries in which only one language is spoken
Japan is monolingual due to its very strict immigration laws
France has fought to preserve its monolingual heritage and has laws to keep the language pure. Also has prohibited infusion of English
Helpful hint!
-Mono: One Language is spoken fluently

12. Isolated Language
A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family.
This happens because a lack of interaction with speakers of other languages
Isolation preserves the language
Example: Basque, it’s the only language that survived the arrival of indo European speakers, unable to link to any other language, spoken by 1 million people in the Pyrenees Mts. Of Northern Spain and Southwestern France.

13. Lingua Franca Term means: language of the franks
Is the language of international communication
A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages
Another example: Swahili in East Africa

14. Reviving Extinct Languages
Example:
Hebrew, which is a very rare case of an extinct language that has been revived, The Torah was mostly written in Hebrew.
It was diminished in 4th century B.C.E
Only retained for religion
Hebrew became one of two official language in Israel in 1948
Helped for a good sense of nationalism throughout the country

15. Celtic Dominant Language before invasions of the British Isles
It was spoken in much of present day Germany, France, and Northern Italy and British Isles more than 2,000 years ago.
Today its still Spoken in Scotland, Wales, Ireland and France
Brythonic
Welsh- dominant until 19th century,
Cornish- extinct in was revived in 1920s and taught in schools
Breton- Isolated Peninsula, 250,000 speakers
Gaelic
Irish - one of two official languages, spoken by 350,000 daily
Scottish - 1% in Scotland speak it,

16. Important Terms Proto-tongue Language shift Dialect Language family
Language branch
Language group
Language Divergence /Convergence
Standard language
Extinct language
Monolingual state
Multilingual state
Isolated language
Lingua franca
Pidgin language
Ebonics
Creolized language
Ideograms

17. Fun Facts Estimated in 6,909 languages in world
only 11 languages spoken by more than 100 million people
153 languages spoken by at least 3 million
remaining languages spoken by fewer than 3 million people