1. Chapter 7: Consonantal Gestures

2. Place

3. Purpose Review English Categories
Look at Other Place and Manner Possibilities -
Examples in Other Languages
 Look at Common Disordered Categories

4. Place
Need to Specify
Passive articulator
Active articulator

5. Most Non-English Sounds
Similar Places
Different Manner
1. Bilabial
2. Labiodental
3. Dental
4. Alveolar
5. Retroflex
6. Palato-Alveolar
7. Palatal
8. Velar
9. Uvular
10. Pharyngeal
11. Epiglottal

6. Bilabials English: Other languages Oral & Nasal Stops, Glides
Fricatives
Spanish: saber (to know) = /saβeɾ/
Linguo-labials - tongue + lip

7. Labiodental English: Fricatives
LABIAL
Labiodental
English: Fricatives
Many languages have fricatives, affricates
German: Pfund (pound) = /pfunt/
No phonemic Stops or Nasals
Acoustic similarity to bilabials
Many allophonic nasals
E.g., “symphony” /sɪɱfəni/
“emphasis” /ɛɱfəsɪs/

8. Interdental/Dental English: Fricatives Other Languages: Stops Nasals
CORONAL
Interdental/Dental
English: Fricatives
Other Languages:
Stops
Nasals

9. Alveolar English: Other Languages:
CORONAL
Alveolar
English:
Stops, Nasals, Fricatives, Approximants
Other Languages:
Affricates
E.g., German, Zeit (time) /tsaɪt/
Nonphonemic in English
E.g., eats /its/

10. Retroflex English: Other Languages: Liquids
CORONAL
Retroflex
Retroflex - tongue tip pointed up, articulation with underside of tongue (not manner because place is both where and what with tongue)
English:
Liquids
Other Languages:
Stops, Nasals, Laterals, Fricatives
E.g., Quichua, ari (yes) /aɻi/

11. Part of Tongue Used Apical - Tongue Tip Laminal - Tongue Blade
CORONAL
Part of Tongue Used
Apical - Tongue Tip
Laminal - Tongue Blade
Dorsal - Back of Tongue

12. Alveolar and Palatal English: Fricatives CORONAL
Palato-alveolar - front of tongue domed, tongue tip
near alveolar/post-alveolar region (not underside)
Alveolo-palatals (like palatal + palato-alveolar) - further back than palato-alveolar, but still tongue tip under alveolar ridge (Chinese and Polish)

13. Palatal English: Other Languages Laminal vs. Dorsal
CORONAL
Palatal
English:
Fricatives, Liquids, Glides
Other Languages
Stops, Fricatives, Nasal
Laminal vs. Dorsal
Phonemic vs. Allophonic Uses 13

14. DORSAL
Velar
English
Stops, Nasals
Fricatives
Spanish
German

15. Uvular Back of tongue to uvula Not in American English Fricatives
DORSAL
Uvular
Back of tongue to uvula
Not in American English
Fricatives
French
Trill
German /R/
Nasals
Iniktitut /N/
Stop
Iniktitut /q, G/

16. Epiglottis Epiglottis to back wall of pharynx Rare Fricatives
DORSAL
Epiglottis
Epiglottis to back wall of pharynx
Rare
Fricatives
Phonemic contrast between pharyngeal & epiglottal place extremely rare.
Acoustic similarity
See Agul

17. DORSAL
Pharyngeal
Root of tongue to back wall of pharynx
Fricatives

18. Manner 18

19. Stops
Summary Table 7.5, p. 168.
Know how each is produced

21. Nasals
In many languages
Primarily Voiced, some voiceless.

22. Fricatives Largest variety Classification Tongue grooved or flat
not bilabial
Sibilants and Non-sibilants
Auditory distinction
Sibilants have greater acoustic energy
Different means of obstruction

23. Nasals, stops and fricatives (Nasals are all voiced despite the uvular nasal being on the left)

24. Trill
Tip of tongue set in motion by air
Uvular, Alveolar, Bilabial

25. Tap/Flap Tap Flap Technically flaps retroflex and post-alveolar
Tongue tuip hitting roof of mouth
Spanish single “r” – pero (but) /peɾo/
Flap
One articulator being thrown against another.
Technically flaps retroflex and post-alveolar
Often grouped, terminology used interchangeably.
E.g., “betty” (tap) vs. “hardup” (flap)

26. Affricates Phonemic – Duration Types Alveopalatal Alveolar Labial
Ejectives Possible

27. Lateral vs. Central / Approximants (liquids & glides)
Air passes out sides
Central
Air passes out center
Alveolar vs. Velar

28. Place & Manner Differences in Disordered Speech

29. Lateralization
Primarily
Stops
Fricatives

30. Speech with a Cleft Palate
Cleft in hard/soft palate
Tissue, Bony Structure, Muscle
Inadequate closure/obstruction of air
Structurally unable to produce certain sounds
Attempt to keep same manner with different place
May result in
Nasal Fricatives
Glottal Stops
Pharyngeal Fricatives

31. What you know about consonants:
Airstream Mechanism
Airstream Direction
Glottis State
Part of Tongue Involved (NA on some)
Primary Place of Articulation
Manner of Articulation
Centrality
Nasality

32. Airstream Mechanism
Pulmonic
Glottalic
Velaric

33. Airstream Direction
Egressive
Ingressive

34. Glottis State
Voiced
Voiceless
Murmured
Laryngealized
Closed

35. Part of Tongue Involved
Apical
Laminal
Neither

36. Primary Place of Articulation
Bilabial
Labiodental
Dental
Alveolar
Retroflex
Alveopalatal
Palato-alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Uvular
Pharyngeal
(Labial-Velar)

37. Manner of Articulation
Stop
Fricative
Approximant
Trill
Flap
Tap
Affricate

38. Centrality
Central
Lateral

39. Nasality
Oral
Nasal

40. 40

41. 41

42. Practice – match the transcription with the sound1 2 3 4 5 a
[al] b
[oz] c
[qau] d
[px] e
[ka]

43. Practice – match the transcription with the sound1 2 3 4 5 c a
[al] b
[oz] c
[qau] d
[px] e
[ka] e a b d

44. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 a [aa] b [afa] c [aTa] d [asa] e [aa] f [aSa] g
Difficult Fricative
Practice 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 a
[aa] b
[afa] c
[aTa] d
[asa] e
[aa] f
[aSa] g
[aCa] h
[axa] i
[aXa] j
[aa]

45. 1 b 2 e 3 g 4 h 5 c 6 i 7 f 8 j 9 a 10 d a [aa] b [afa] c [aTa] d
Difficult Fricative
Practice 1 b 2 e 3 g 4 h 5 c 6 i 7 f 8 j 9 a 10 d a
[aa] b
[afa] c
[aTa] d
[asa] e
[aa] f
[aSa] g
[aCa] h
[axa] i
[aXa] j
[aa]