1. STANDARD, MONITORING, MODELLING, ECO-AUDITING AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Prof. Dr. Ir. NASTITI SISWI INDRASTI

2. STANDARD A standard may be defined as widely accepted or approved example of something against which others may be measured

3. Standard play a crucial part in: Monitoring Modeling to understand the environment and establish trends Negotiation Enforcement of rules Environmental auditing Maintaining environmental quality

4. The fields of activity which make use of standards include: Pollution control Health and safety Public hygiene and health (especially domestic water supplies, sewage and waste disposal) Consumer goods (food standards, electrical safety, electromagnetic radiation safety) Pharmaceutical products Transport safety and quality Disclosure of information to the public

5. MONITORING Monitoring aims to establish a system of continued observation, measurement and evaluation or defined purposes.

6. Monitoring is therefore often undertaken for a specific reason, for the systematic measurement of selected variables (Mitchell, 1997:261): Improve understanding of environmental, social or economic processes Provide early warning Help optimize use of the environment and resources Assist in regulating environmental and resources usage (e.g. it may provide information for law courts) Assess conditions Establish baseline data, trends, cumulative effects, etc. Check that required standards are being met, or see whether something of interest has changed Document sinks, sources, etc Test models, verify hypotheses or research Determine the effectiveness of measures or regulation Provide information for decision-making Advise the public

7. SURVEILLANCE Is repetitive measurement of selected variables over a period of time, but with a less clearly defined purpose than monitoring.

8. Surveillance, like monitoring, can focus on the environment, people or an economy, and may: Check whether statutory regulations are complied with (without monitoring and surveillance the setting of standards and rules is of little value) Provide information for systems control or management Assess environmental quality to see whether it remains satisfactory Detect unexpected changes

9. MODELLING A model is caricature or simplification of reality: often a set of equations, used to predict the behavior of variables.

10. ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING Environmental auditing has been applied to stock-taking, eco-review, eco-survey, eco-audit, eco-evaluation, environmental assessment, the production of ‘green charters’ and the checking of impact assessment to determine their effectiveness

11. State of the environment accounts and environmental quality evaluation use knowledge of how the ecosystem is structured and functions to collect data showing the state of an area ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING

12. Environmental audit can be conducted at : Company Institution State National or global levels ECO-AUDITING

13. Environmental audit may mean: Review conditions and evaluate impacts of development Avoiding or reducing environmental damage Monitoring the quality of the environment

14. Environmental assessment Means a concise public document which should provide enough evidence for decision to be made on whether or not to proceed to full EIA

15. Environmental appraisal Environmental appraisal is a generic term used in the UK for the evaluation of the environmental implications of proposals an equivalent of environmental evaluation

16. ECO-AUDITING a systematic multidisciplinary methodology used periodically and objectively to assess the environmental performance of a company, public authority or in some instances. Eco-audits can be done in house, by a government team or by an independent, accredited specialist or team

17. Eco-audits offer some or all of the following benefits: The generate valuable data for regional or national state of the environments reports Ensuring the continual improvement of environmental management Valuable way of monitoring Establishing an effective environmental protection scheme, which may reduce insurance premiums Assisting effort for sustainable development Involving the public in environmental management Identifying cost recovery through recycling, opportunities or sale of by-product, etc. Reducing risks of being accused of negligence and losing court cases Reducing the need for government inspections

18. There may also be risks associated with eco-audits: They may spot a problem that is costly to cure, which might otherwise have been overlooked without too much harm They can be expensive A body may fear trade secret will be exposed to competitors Smaller companies cannot do eco-auditing in-house and must use specialist from outside (costly, with a risk of loss of trade secrets)

19. Types Of Eco-audit Site or facility audit, a company or body audits to see how it conforms to safety and other regulations and care for the environment Compliance audit to assess whether regulations are being heeded and/or policy is being followed Issues audit assessment of the impact of a company an other body’s activities on a specific environmental or social issue, e.g. rain forest loss Minimization audit to see if it is possible to reduce: waste; inputs, emission of pollutants (including noise), energy consumption, etc

20. Types Of Eco-audit Property transfers audits (pre-acquisition audit, merger audit, disvestiture audit, transactional audit, liability audit-a company or body audits prior to disvestiture, takeover, joint venture, alliance, altering a lease, sale of assets. etc., to show if there are any problems such as contaminated land Waste audits to see if regulations are met, whether cost can be reduced by sale of by product, etc. the motivation to audit may be to comply with legislation or come from a desire to prevent problems Life cycle assessment/analysis evaluation that can extend beyond the time horizon of single owner, company or government (it is cradle-to-grave), e.g impacts of something from manufacture, through use to disposal.

21. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Hunt and Johnson (1995:89) argued that Environmental Management System (EMS): Help to develop a proactive environmental approach Ensure a balanced view across all functions Enable effective, directed environmental goal-setting Make the environmental auditing process effective

22. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY PLANNING MANAGEMENT REVIEW IMPLEMENTATIONS AND OPERATIONS MONITORING AND CORRECTION CONTINUAL IMPROVEMENT Figure 1. Basic environmental management system approach

23. RECOMMENDED READING Eco-management And Auditing Environmental Accounting And Auditing Reporter Environmental Assessment Environmental Auditing Environmental Management Environmental Monitoring And Assessment Impact Assessment And Project Appraisal Journal Of Environmental Planning And Management