1. Money, Monetary Policy, and Fiscal Policy

2. Who Am I?

7. Money Money Money Anything that is generally accepted as final payment for goods and services Anything that is generally accepted as final payment for goods and services Money is NOT the same as wealth or income Money is NOT the same as wealth or income Wealth is the total collection of assets that store value Wealth is the total collection of assets that store value Income is a flow of earnings per unit of time Income is a flow of earnings per unit of time

8. Money The Barter System: goods and services are traded directly. There is no money exchanged. The Barter System: goods and services are traded directly. There is no money exchanged. Problems: Problems: 1. Before trade could occur, each trader had to have something the other wanted. 2. Some goods cannot be split. If 1 goat is worth five chickens, how do you exchange if you only want 1 chicken?

9. Money Example: A heart surgeon might accept only certain goods but not others because he doesn’t like broccoli. Example: A heart surgeon might accept only certain goods but not others because he doesn’t like broccoli. To get the surgery, a pineapple grower must find a broccoli farmer that likes pineapples. To get the surgery, a pineapple grower must find a broccoli farmer that likes pineapples.

10. Money Money serves these three purposes Money serves these three purposes 1. Medium of exchange – It can be used to purchase goods and services 2. Unit of Account – It can be used to compare the value of different goods and services 3. Store of Value – It can be held to buy something in the future

11. Money Supply Measuring the Money Supply Measuring the Money Supply M1 (high liquidity) M1 (high liquidity) Currency, Checking, travelers checks Currency, Checking, travelers checks M2 (moderate liquidity) M1 plus: M2 (moderate liquidity) M1 plus: Savings and investment funds (money market, mutual funds, ATM accessed savings) that allow investors to make easy transfers and withdrawals Savings and investment funds (money market, mutual funds, ATM accessed savings) that allow investors to make easy transfers and withdrawals M3 (Low liquidity) M2 plus: M3 (Low liquidity) M2 plus: Time deposits over $100,000 (CDs, etc.) Time deposits over $100,000 (CDs, etc.)

12. Money What is the difference between credit cards and debit cards? What is the difference between credit cards and debit cards? Are credit cards money? Are credit cards money? A credit card is NOT money. It is a short-term loan (usually with a higher than normal interest rate). A credit card is NOT money. It is a short-term loan (usually with a higher than normal interest rate). Ex: You buy a shirt with a credit card, VISA pays the store, you pay VISA the price of the shirt plus interest and fees. Ex: You buy a shirt with a credit card, VISA pays the store, you pay VISA the price of the shirt plus interest and fees.

13. Money Total credit cards in circulation in U.S: 576.4 million Total credit cards in circulation in U.S: 576.4 million Average number of credit cards per cardholders: 3.5 Average number of credit cards per cardholders: 3.5 Average credit card debt per household : $15,788 Average credit card debt per household : $15,788

14. Money Commodity money Commodity money Gold, silver, copper, etc. Gold, silver, copper, etc. Representative money Representative money The gold standard, there must be gold backing all of the money in an economy The gold standard, there must be gold backing all of the money in an economy Fiat money Fiat money Fiat money is not worth anything by itself, it is only worth something because the government says so and we agree. Fiat money is not worth anything by itself, it is only worth something because the government says so and we agree.

15. Money Supply There is no gold standard. Money is just an I.O.U. from the government “for all debts, public and private.” There is no gold standard. Money is just an I.O.U. from the government “for all debts, public and private.” What makes money effective? What makes money effective? 1. Generally Accepted - Buyers and sellers have confidence that it IS legal tender. 2. Scarce - Money must not be easily reproduced. 3. Portable and Dividable - Money must be easily transported and divided.

16. Monetary Policy The Federal Reserve System The Federal Reserve System Created in 1914 in response the many previous bank failures Created in 1914 in response the many previous bank failures The Fed Board of Governors The Fed Board of Governors 7 members appointed by the Pres. And confirmed by the Senate 7 members appointed by the Pres. And confirmed by the Senate 12 regional Fed Reserve Banks 12 regional Fed Reserve Banks

17. Monetary policy The Tools of Monetary Policy The Tools of Monetary Policy 1. Changes in the Discount Rate – When the fed lowers the discount rate, banks are encouraged to make more loans and the money supply increases – When the fed raises the discount rate, banks are encouraged to make fewer loans and the money supply decreases

18. Monetary policy The Tools of Monetary Policy The Tools of Monetary Policy 2. Open Market Operations When the Fed buys or sells U.S. securities to influence the money supply When the Fed buys or sells U.S. securities to influence the money supply Fed buys, bank deposits increase, banks have more money to lend, and the money supply increases Fed buys, bank deposits increase, banks have more money to lend, and the money supply increases Fed sells, bank deposits decrease, banks have less money to lend, and the money supply decreases Fed sells, bank deposits decrease, banks have less money to lend, and the money supply decreases

19. Monetary policy The Tools of Monetary Policy The Tools of Monetary Policy 3. Changes in the reserve requirement The reserve requirement is the minimum percentage that banks must keep to back up checking-type accounts The reserve requirement is the minimum percentage that banks must keep to back up checking-type accounts Lowering the reserve requirement will increase money supply Lowering the reserve requirement will increase money supply Raising the reserve requirement will decrease money supply Raising the reserve requirement will decrease money supply

20. Monetary Policy Example: Assume the reserve ratio in the US is 10% Example: Assume the reserve ratio in the US is 10% You deposit $1000 in the bank You deposit $1000 in the bank The bank must hold $100 (required reserves) The bank must hold $100 (required reserves) The bank lends $900 out to Bob (excess reserves) The bank lends $900 out to Bob (excess reserves) Bob deposits the $900 in his bank Bob deposits the $900 in his bank Bob’s bank must hold $90. It loans out $810 to Jill Bob’s bank must hold $90. It loans out $810 to Jill Jill deposits $810 in her bank Jill deposits $810 in her bank SO FAR, the initial deposit of $1000 caused the CREATION of another $1710 (Bob’s $900 + Jill’s $810) SO FAR, the initial deposit of $1000 caused the CREATION of another $1710 (Bob’s $900 + Jill’s $810) Money Multiplier = 1/Reserve Ratio A reserve ratio of 10% has a money multiplier of 10 A $2 billion increase to money supply will actually increase the money supply by 20 billion

21. Monetary Policy The Feds other responsibilities: The Feds other responsibilities: The Fed works as a clearing house for all checks The Fed works as a clearing house for all checks The Fed is also known as the lender of last resort The Fed is also known as the lender of last resort In cases of emergency the Fed will come to the aid of ailing banks In cases of emergency the Fed will come to the aid of ailing banks The Fed also performs stress tests on member banks. The Fed also performs stress tests on member banks.

22. Fiscal Policy Fiscal Policy Fiscal Policy Changes in federal government spending of tax revenues designed to promote full employment, price stability, and reasonable rates of economic growth Changes in federal government spending of tax revenues designed to promote full employment, price stability, and reasonable rates of economic growth

23. Fiscal Policy Expansionary Fiscal Policy Expansionary Fiscal Policy Increase in government spending and / or a decrease in taxes designed to increase aggregate demand in the economy. The intent is to increase GDP and decrease unemployment Increase in government spending and / or a decrease in taxes designed to increase aggregate demand in the economy. The intent is to increase GDP and decrease unemployment

24. Fiscal Policy Contractionary Fiscal Policy Contractionary Fiscal Policy A decrease in gov. spending and / or an increase in taxes designed to decrease aggregate demand in the economy. The intent is to control inflation A decrease in gov. spending and / or an increase in taxes designed to decrease aggregate demand in the economy. The intent is to control inflation

25. Fiscal Policy Keynesian approach Keynesian approach Demand-side economics Demand-side economics Focuses on changing aggregate demand in order to promote full employment Focuses on changing aggregate demand in order to promote full employment Keynes argued that government stimulus could jolt the economy out of a severe recession or depression Keynes argued that government stimulus could jolt the economy out of a severe recession or depression

26. Fiscal Policy Supply-Side Fiscal Policy Supply-Side Fiscal Policy The idea that fiscal policy might directly affect aggregate supply. For example, a corporate tax cut may give businesses incentive to expand or invest in capital goods with the money saved. The idea that fiscal policy might directly affect aggregate supply. For example, a corporate tax cut may give businesses incentive to expand or invest in capital goods with the money saved.

27. Fiscal Policy Stagflation Stagflation A contraction in the economies aggregate output (aggregate supply) combined with an increase in inflation. Stagflation occurred in the U.S. in 1973 and 1980. It usually results when the economy is already facing moderately high inflation and a price shock occurs (world wheat shortage or oil shortage) A contraction in the economies aggregate output (aggregate supply) combined with an increase in inflation. Stagflation occurred in the U.S. in 1973 and 1980. It usually results when the economy is already facing moderately high inflation and a price shock occurs (world wheat shortage or oil shortage)

28. Fiscal Policy Laissez-faire Laissez-faire Classical economists believed that free markets without government intervention were the best way to achieve the economy’s potential output. Classical economists believed that free markets without government intervention were the best way to achieve the economy’s potential output. Classical economists believed that although there might be occasional downturns in the economy, natural market forces would correct things in the long term. Classical economists believed that although there might be occasional downturns in the economy, natural market forces would correct things in the long term.

29. Fiscal Policy Discretionary fiscal policy vs. automatic stabilizers Discretionary fiscal policy vs. automatic stabilizers Discretionary Fiscal Policy requires congressional and presidential action to change gov. taxing or spending Discretionary Fiscal Policy requires congressional and presidential action to change gov. taxing or spending Automatic stabilizers automatically adjust to the ups and downs of the economy. Unemployment insurance is a good example during a down economy, progressive taxing is a good example during an up economy Automatic stabilizers automatically adjust to the ups and downs of the economy. Unemployment insurance is a good example during a down economy, progressive taxing is a good example during an up economy

30. Fiscal policy The problem with Lags The problem with Lags Recognition lag Recognition lag Are we in a recession? How bad is the recession? How much needs to be done? Difficult questions because a recession isn’t identified until 6 months after it begins Are we in a recession? How bad is the recession? How much needs to be done? Difficult questions because a recession isn’t identified until 6 months after it begins Decision making lag Decision making lag Action by policy makers usually takes months to approve Action by policy makers usually takes months to approve

31. Fiscal Policy The problem with lags The problem with lags Implementation lag Implementation lag The approved action then takes time to implement The approved action then takes time to implement The recent stimulus checks are a good example The recent stimulus checks are a good example I received mine 4 months after the bill was passed I received mine 4 months after the bill was passed Effectiveness lag Effectiveness lag Once implemented fiscal policy can take from 9 to 18 months for the full impact to be realized. Will the economy still need the agreed upon policy? Once implemented fiscal policy can take from 9 to 18 months for the full impact to be realized. Will the economy still need the agreed upon policy?

32. Fiscal or Monetary Policy The President is advocating a bill that will cut taxes by 5%. The President is advocating a bill that will cut taxes by 5%. Fed chairman Ben Bernanke is planning on lowering the discount rate by ¼ point. Fed chairman Ben Bernanke is planning on lowering the discount rate by ¼ point. The Fed Open Market Committee (F.O.M.C.) announced today that it will selling U.S. securities The Fed Open Market Committee (F.O.M.C.) announced today that it will selling U.S. securities Both houses of the legislature have passed a bill that will spend $15 billion on infrastructure. Both houses of the legislature have passed a bill that will spend $15 billion on infrastructure.

33. Fiscal or Monetary policy? Zippy received his first unemployment check today. Zippy received his first unemployment check today. The Fed increased the reserve requirement today to 28%. The Fed increased the reserve requirement today to 28%. The President announced today that the 2009 budget will be slashed in half. The President announced today that the 2009 budget will be slashed in half. The government announced a tax rebate today equaling $1000 per person. The government announced a tax rebate today equaling $1000 per person.

34. Bonds vs. Stocks Pretend you are going to start a lemonade stand. You need some money to get your stand started. What do you do? Pretend you are going to start a lemonade stand. You need some money to get your stand started. What do you do? You ask your grandmother to lend you $100 and write this down on a piece of paper: "I owe you (IOU) $100, and I will pay you back in a year plus 5% interest." You ask your grandmother to lend you $100 and write this down on a piece of paper: "I owe you (IOU) $100, and I will pay you back in a year plus 5% interest." Your grandmother just bought a bond. Your grandmother just bought a bond.

35. Stocks vs. Bonds Bonds are loans, or IOUs, that represent debt that the government or a corporation must repay to an investor. The bond holder has NO OWNERSHIP of the company. Bonds are loans, or IOUs, that represent debt that the government or a corporation must repay to an investor. The bond holder has NO OWNERSHIP of the company. Ex: War Bonds During World War II Ex: War Bonds During World War II Corporate bonds, municipal bonds, government bonds, etc. Corporate bonds, municipal bonds, government bonds, etc.

36. Stocks vs. Bonds To get more money, you sell half of your company for $50 to your brother Tom. To get more money, you sell half of your company for $50 to your brother Tom. You put this transaction in writing: "Lemo will issue 100 shares of stock. Tom will buy 50 shares for $50." You put this transaction in writing: "Lemo will issue 100 shares of stock. Tom will buy 50 shares for $50." Tom has just bought 50% of the business. He is allowed to make decisions and is entitled to a percent of the profits. Tom has just bought 50% of the business. He is allowed to make decisions and is entitled to a percent of the profits.

37. Stocks vs. Bonds Stockowners can earn a profit in two ways: Stockowners can earn a profit in two ways: 1. Dividends, which are portions of a corporation’s profits, are paid out to stockholders. 1. Dividends, which are portions of a corporation’s profits, are paid out to stockholders. The higher the corporate profit, the higher the dividend. The higher the corporate profit, the higher the dividend. 2. A capital gain is earned when a stockholder sells stock for more than he or she paid for it. 2. A capital gain is earned when a stockholder sells stock for more than he or she paid for it. A stockholder that sells stock at a lower price than the purchase price suffers a capital loss. A stockholder that sells stock at a lower price than the purchase price suffers a capital loss.