1. Charity Blair Nutrition and Aging November 21, 2011

2.  Define Antioxidants  Sources of Antioxidants (Dietary vs. Supplement)  Intake Recommendations  Antioxidants in Disease Prevention

3.  Antioxidants  Defined: a substance that can inhibit reactions of free radicals such as reactive species of oxygen; used to describe Vitamin C and E, selenium, zinc some carotenoids, and bioflavanoids.  Relevance of antioxidants for elderly? May help lower the incidence of disease, such as certain cancers, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, DNA damage, or even have anti-aging properties. Disrupt age-associated deterioration in physiological function, deregulated metabolic processes or prevention of many age-related diseases

4.  Dietary sources:  Vitmain C: citrus fruit juices, fruitaides and drinks, and vegetables.  Vitamin E: grains, fat, oil, meat, fish, and poultry  Carotenes: vegetables sources, especially in deep-yellow and dark-green vegetables  Flavanoids: tea, citrus fruit juice, beer and ale Acai is considered an excellent source of antioxidants. It has considerable potential in nutrition and health applications.

5.  Vitmain C- 90 mg/day for men and 75 mg/day for women  Vitmain E- 15 mg/day for men and women  Selenium- 55 micrograms/day Upper intake levels for: Vitamins C- 2,000 mg/day Vitamin E- 1,000 mg/day Selenium- 400 micrograms/day

6.  Sources: multivitamins, carotene, selenium, flavanoids.  Supplemental Vitamin C is the U.S’s main source of vitamin C

7.  Plant based foods: 1) Berries and berry products 2) Beverages 3) Breakfast cereals 4) Fruit and fruit products 5) Grain and grain products 6) Legumes 7) Nuts and seeds 8) Spices and herbs 9) Vegetable and vegetable products

8.  Animal based foods: 1) Dairy products 2) Eggs 3) Fish and seafood 4) Meat and meat products 5) Fish and fish products

9.  A popular source of antioxidants is from acai berries.  They grow on palm trees in the Brazilian Rainforest.  They contains up to 30 times more anthocyanins, (the purple-colored antioxidant), than red wine; a blend of amino acids and healthy omega fatty acids to boost immunity; and almost as much calcium as milk.

10.  Age-Related Macular Degeneration  What is AMD? is a chronic condition that causes central vision loss. It is a leading cause of blindness in people 60 and older. The older you are, the greater your chance of being affected. That's why it's important to learn the symptoms of AMD now, so if you ever notice anything wrong, you can see an ophthalmologist right away. Symptoms: wavy lines, blurriness, blind spots  What do Antioxidants do for AMD?  Intakes of nutrients such as antioxidants can reduce the risk of long-term AMD by decreasing the free radical action.  Especially sources of Vitamin E and C which are both antioxidant sources.

11.  Diabetes Mellitus  Oxidative stress plays a significant role in the development of diabetes and insulin resistance  Antioxidants help reduce oxidative stress therefore reducing resistance to insulin in diabetes mellitus individuals.  Alpha-Lipoic acid (ALA) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) supplementations, along with a well-balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables containing antioxidants, provide a good approach in the treatment of diabetes associated with oxidative stress.

12.  Alzheimer’s Disease  Reduced risk of this disease comes from intake of antioxidant vitamin supplements. multivitamin that contained at least 400 IU of vitamin E or 500 mg of vitamin C. From : antioxidant vitamins E and C supplements plus NSAIDs  Less cognitive decline in individuals consuming higher amounts of antioxidants from food sources.  Elderly females tend to intake more of these antioxidants than elderly males according to The Cache County Study  They act on different pathways involved in neurodegeneration, namely oxidative stress and inflammation

13.  Studies have shown less cognitive decline and lower risk of Alzheimer's disease in elderly individuals consuming either antioxidant vitamins or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).  Analyzed data from 3,376 elderly participants of the Cache County Study who were given the Modified Mini-Mental State examination up to three times during a period of 8 years.  Those who used a combination of vitamins E and C supplements and NSAIDs at baseline declined by an average 0.96 fewer points every 3 years than nonuser.  This apparent effect was attributable entirely to participants with the Apolipoprotein E (APOE ε4) allele, whose users declined by 2.25 fewer points than nonusers every 3 years.  These results suggest that among elderly individuals with an APOE ε4 allele, there is an association between using antioxidant supplements in combination with NSAIDs and less cognitive decline over time.

14.  Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)  Studies have indicated that oxidative stress increases the susceptibility of LDL to lipid peroxidation and vitamin E and/or C supplementation significantly decreases LDL oxidation  In the elderly, a sedentary lifestyle and a nutritional deficiency of antioxidant vitamins are commonly accompanied by increased oxidative damage, declines in antioxidant enzyme activity, and a depletion of the antioxidant reservoir of the organism, for example, vitamins  Excess exercise can lead to enhanced antioxidant depletion and oxidative injury in aged individuals  Daily antioxidant vitamin supplementation or in the form of food help improve cardiovascular health. It helps with lipoprotein metabolism

15.  http://www.amdawareness.org/asrs/?cid=luc_we_F001053_P000517&gclid=CICqkKOYv6wC FRAj7AodxWVYpQ http://www.amdawareness.org/asrs/?cid=luc_we_F001053_P000517&gclid=CICqkKOYv6wC FRAj7AodxWVYpQ  Tan J, Wang J, Flood V, Rochtchina E, Smith W, Mitchell P. Dietary Antioxidants and the Long-term Incidence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology [serial online]. February 2008;115(iss2):334-341. Available from: Academic Search Premier, Ipswich, MA. Accessed November 17, 2011.  Rufino M, Pérez-Jiménez J, Saura-Calixto F, et al. Açaí (Euterpe oleraceae) ‘BRS Pará’: A tropical fruit source of antioxidant dietary fiber and high antioxidant capacity oil. Food Research International [serial online]. August 2011;44(7):2100-2106. Available from: Academic Search Premier, Ipswich, MA. Accessed November 17, 2011.  Bennett L, Seefeldt T. The role of antioxidants on oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus. Journal Of Pharmacy Technology [serial online]. September 2010;26(5):293-299. Available from: CINAHL with Full Text, Ipswich, MA. Accessed November 17, 2011.  Obrenovich M, Yi L, Aliev G, et al. Antioxidants in Health, Disease and Aging. CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets [serial online]. March 2011;10(2):192-207. Available from: Academic Search Premier, Ipswich, MA. Accessed November 17, 2011.  Fotuhi M, Zandi P, Welsh-Bohmer K, et al. Better cognitive performance in elderly taking antioxidant vitamins E and C supplements in combination with nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs: The Cache County Study. Alzheimer's & Dementia [serial online]. May 2008;4(3):223-227. Available from: PsycINFO, Ipswich, MA. Accessed November 17, 2011.  Galán A, Palacios E, Jiménez R, et al. Exercise, oxidative stress and risk of cardiovascular disease in the elderly. Protective role of antioxidant functional foods. Biofactors [serial online]. May 2006;27(1-4):167-183. Available from: Academic Search Premier, Ipswich, MA. Accessed November 17, 2011.

16.  Chun O, Floegel A, Sang-Jin C, Chin Eun C, Song W, Koo S. Estimation of Antioxidant Intakes from Diet and Supplements in U.S. Adults. Journal Of Nutrition [serial online]. February 2010;140(2):317-324. Available from: Academic Search Premier, Ipswich, MA. Accessed November 17, 2011  Carlsen M, Halvorsen B, Blomhoff R, et al. The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide. Nutrition Journal [serial online]. January 2010;9:3-13. Available from: Academic Search Premier, Ipswich, MA. Accessed November 17, 2011

17.  Name one disease that antioxidants help prevent.

18.  Alzheimer’s Disease  Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)  Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)  Diabetes Mellitus

19.  What is one the most popular source of antioxidants?

20.  Acai berries

21.  True/False: Antioxidants have anti-aging properties?

22.  True

23.  Name one plant based food source of antioxidants

24. 1) Berries and berry products 2) Beverages 3) Breakfast cereals 4) Fruit and fruit products 5) Grain and grain products 6) Legumes 7) Nuts and seeds 8) Spices and herbs 9) Vegetable and vegetable products

25.  Antioxidants are used to describe bioflavanoids, carotenoids, and which two vitamins?

26.  Vitamin C and E