1. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved.McGraw-Hill Chapter 8: Crisis & Constitution Preview: “For a decade after independence, American revolutionaries were less committed to creating a single national republic than to organizing 13 separate state republics, united only loosely under the Articles of Confederation. By the mid-1780s, however, the weakness of the Confederation seemed evident to many Americans. The Constitutional Convention of 1787 produced a new frame of government that was truly national in scope.” The Highlights: Republican Experiments Republican Experiments The Temptations of Peace The Temptations of Peace Republican Society Republican Society From Confederation to Constitutions From Confederation to Constitutions

2. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Defining Republican Culture Post-Revolutionary Divisions Post-Revolutionary Divisions – balancing individual liberty with social order – balancing property rights with equality Varying answers result in varying Revolutionary governments Varying answers result in varying Revolutionary governments Revolution introduced unintended changes into American society Revolution introduced unintended changes into American society

3. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Social and Political Reform Fundamental questions raised about the meaning of _________ Fundamental questions raised about the meaning of _________ Changes in laws of __________ Changes in laws of __________ More liberal _________ qualifications More liberal _________ qualifications Better representation for frontier settlers Better representation for frontier settlers Separation of _______ and _______ Separation of _______ and _______ Hierarchical social relations challenged Hierarchical social relations challenged

4. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill –1775: African Americans were _____ of nation’s population; _____ of them lived in the South –Difficulty of squaring republican ideals with the continued presence of slavery –Most northern states began to ________ slavery –Southerners debate _______ – some privately free slaves Slavery and Sectionalism

5. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Slavery and Sectionalism continued –Southern _______motives overcome republican ideals –Free black population grew in both the North and South –Slavery continued to exist in southern states –African Americans embrace Declaration’s stress on _______rights

6. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The Challenge of Women's Rights Women demand the natural right of equality Women demand the natural right of equality Contribute to new society through “Republican __________” Contribute to new society through “Republican __________” Women more assertive in divorce, economic life Women more assertive in divorce, economic life Denied political and legal rights Denied political and legal rights

7. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Postponing Full Liberty Revolution limited in extension of rights Revolution limited in extension of rights Introduced ideal of freedom and equality Introduced ideal of freedom and equality Future generations would make these ideals reality Future generations would make these ideals reality

8. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Republican Experiments The State Constitutions The State Constitutions –Desire to curb ________ power –Strengthened ________ powers The people demand written constitutions The people demand written constitutions – provide clear definition of rights – describe clear _________ of government –Written constitutions seen as legal codes to protect the _________ From Congress to Confederation From Congress to Confederation –Articles of Confederation created a _______ government that consisted only of a national ______________

9. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The States: Experiments in Republicanism Revolutionary state constitutions serve as experiments in __________ government Revolutionary state constitutions serve as experiments in __________ government Insights gleaned from state experiences later applied to constructing central government Insights gleaned from state experiences later applied to constructing central government

10. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Blueprints for State Government State constitution writers insist on preparing written documents State constitution writers insist on preparing written documents Precedents in colonial charters, church covenants Precedents in colonial charters, church covenants Major break with England’s __________ constitution Major break with England’s __________ constitution

11. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Natural Rights and the State Constitutions State constitutions guarantee major rights State constitutions guarantee major rights – freedom of religion – freedom of speech – freedom of the press – ________ ___________ Governors _________ Governors _________ Elected assemblies given most power Elected assemblies given most power

12. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Power to the People Procedure for adoption of Constitution pioneered by Massachusetts Procedure for adoption of Constitution pioneered by Massachusetts – Constitution written by a special convention – ratification by referendum of the people State constitutions seen as flawed experiments State constitutions seen as flawed experiments Growing sentiment for stronger central government Growing sentiment for stronger central government

13. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Articles of Confederation John Dickinson’s plan for central government John Dickinson’s plan for central government – proposed cession of West to Congress opposed – proposed equality in state representation opposed Articles of Confederation severely limit __________ government’s authority over states Articles of Confederation severely limit __________ government’s authority over states States suspicious of Articles States suspicious of Articles

14. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Western Land: Key to the First Constitution Maryland ratification of Articles delayed for Virginia’s renunciation of Western claims Maryland ratification of Articles delayed for Virginia’s renunciation of Western claims 1781--Virginia takes lead in ceding Western claims to Congress 1781--Virginia takes lead in ceding Western claims to Congress Other states cede claims to Congress Other states cede claims to Congress Congress gains ownership of all land west of Appalachians Congress gains ownership of all land west of Appalachians

15. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The Temptations of Peace The Temptations of the West The Temptations of the West –Greatest opportunities existed in the West, but the region was beset with intense conflict Foreign Intrigues Foreign Intrigues –Continued efforts by the British to harass American interests in the Old Northwest –Spanish designs on the Old Southwest –Indians played pivotal roles in both regions

16. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Disputes among the States Disputes among the States –Tensions between “landed” and “landless” states –Dispute resolved, and the Articles of Confederation ratified in 1781 The More Democratic West The More Democratic West –State legislatures became more democratic as a result of population growth in the backcountry

17. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Western Land Claims Ceded by the States

18. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The Northwest Territory The Northwest Territory –Congress adopted three ordinances in the 1780s to deal with issue of westward expansion –The most important was the __________ _______ ________ which outlawed slavery north of the Ohio River “By limiting the spread of slavery in the northern states, Congress deepened the critical social and economic differences between North and South, evident already in the 1780s”(206).

19. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Northwest Ordinance: The Confederation's Major Achievement Creates 3-5 new territories in Northwest Creates 3-5 new territories in Northwest Population of 5,000 may elect Assembly Population of 5,000 may elect Assembly Population of 60,000 may petition for statehood Population of 60,000 may petition for statehood Bill of Rights provided Bill of Rights provided ________outlawed ________outlawed

20. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Northwest Territory

21. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Land Ordinance of 1785

22. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill –Postwar consumption produced massive public and private debt –Reckless printing of _______ ______ and shortage of goods sparked severe ________ –Serious conflicts over economic policy “So long as the individual states remained sovereign, the Confederation was crippled—unable to conduct foreign affairs effectively, unable to set coherent economic policy, unable to deal with discontent in the West”(208-9). Wartime Economic Disruption

23. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The Nationalist Critique Congress unable to address inflation, debt Congress unable to address inflation, debt Congress has no power to _______ Congress has no power to _______ Inadequate authority over interstate affairs Inadequate authority over interstate affairs Inadequate influence on national economy Inadequate influence on national economy Weak foreign policy- ______ troops still on American soil Weak foreign policy- ______ troops still on American soil Failure of reform prompts Nationalists to consider Articles hopelessly defective Failure of reform prompts Nationalists to consider Articles hopelessly defective

24. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Diplomatic Humiliation The Jay-Gardoqui Treaty The Jay-Gardoqui Treaty –John Jay to negotiate reopening Mississippi instead signs treaty favoring ____________: –Spain closes New Orleans to American commerce in 1784 –Sectional animosity aggravated by proposed— but never ratified—treaty between the United States and Spain over shipping rights on the Mississippi River. –West and South denounce –Congress rejects Jay-Gardoqui Treaty

25. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The Genius of James Madison Recognition by 1780s of shortcomings in small state republics Recognition by 1780s of shortcomings in small state republics Stronger central government gains support Stronger central government gains support James Madison persuades Americans that _________republics could be free and democratic James Madison persuades Americans that _________republics could be free and democratic

26. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill

27. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Constitutional Reform May 1786--Annapolis Convention agrees to meet again, write a new constitution May 1786--Annapolis Convention agrees to meet again, write a new constitution Summer 1786--_________Rebellion sparks fears of national dissolution Summer 1786--_________Rebellion sparks fears of national dissolution Crisis strengthens support for new central government Crisis strengthens support for new central government

28. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The Philadelphia Convention Convenes May 1787 Convenes May 1787 55 delegates from all states except Rhode Island 55 delegates from all states except Rhode Island Delegates possess wide practical experience Delegates possess wide practical experience

29. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Framing a Federal Constitution Framing a Federal Constitution –May 1787: delegates from the states met in Philadelphia “for the express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation” –James Madison became a key figure in the proposed overhaul of the government The Virginia and New Jersey Plans The Virginia and New Jersey Plans –Madison’s Virginia Plan: three-branch government; Congress could veto state legislation –Paterson’s New Jersey Plan: a weaker central government than Madison’s plan provided for –Deadlock between the plans

30. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Inventing a Federal Republic: The Virginia Plan Central government may veto all state acts Central government may veto all state acts Bicameral legislature of state representatives Bicameral legislature of state representatives Larger states have more representatives Larger states have more representatives Chief executive appointed by Congress Chief executive appointed by Congress Small states object to large-state dominance Small states object to large-state dominance

31. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Inventing a Federal Republic: The New Jersey Plan Congress given greater taxing powers Congress given greater taxing powers Each state would have one vote in a unicameral legislature Each state would have one vote in a unicameral legislature Articles of Confederation otherwise untouched Articles of Confederation otherwise untouched

32. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Compromise Saves the Convention The Great Compromise: The Great Compromise: -Each state given ______ delegates in the Senate--a victory for the small states -House of Representatives based on ______--a victory for the large states The 3/5 Compromise: The 3/5 Compromise: -Three-fifths of the slave population counted toward representation in the House

33. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Compromising with Slavery Issue of slavery threatens Convention’s unity Issue of slavery threatens Convention’s unity – Northerners tend to be opposed – Southerners threaten to bolt if slavery weakened Slave trade permitted to continue to 1808 Slave trade permitted to continue to 1808 “Great as the evil is, a dismemberment of the Union would be worse.” --James Madison

34. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The Last Details July 26—Committee of Detail formed to prepare rough draft July 26—Committee of Detail formed to prepare rough draft Revisions to Executive Revisions to Executive –______ ________ ensures president will not be indebted to Congress –executive given a ______ over legislation –executive may appoint judges Decision that Bill of Rights unnecessary Decision that Bill of Rights unnecessary –Possibility to amend the Constitution

35. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill We, the People Convention seeks to bypass vested interests of state legislatures Convention seeks to bypass vested interests of state legislatures Power of ratification to special state __________ Power of ratification to special state __________ Constitution to go into effect on approval by _______ state conventions Constitution to go into effect on approval by _______ state conventions Phrase “We the People” makes Constitution a government of the people, not the states Phrase “We the People” makes Constitution a government of the people, not the states

36. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Whose Constitution? Struggle for Ratification Supporters recognized the Constitution went beyond the Convention’s mandate Supporters recognized the Constitution went beyond the Convention’s mandate Document referred to states with no recommendation Document referred to states with no recommendation –Anti-Federalists opposed to Constitution because of perceived power it gave to aristocrats and the central government –Federalists Madison, Hamilton, and Jay wrote The Federalist Papers to counter concerns; Madison also promised a Bill of Rights

37. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Federalists Led by James Madison and Alexander Hamilton Led by James Madison and Alexander Hamilton Supported the Constitution Supported the Constitution Well-organized Well-organized Supported by most of the news media Supported by most of the news media

38. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Anti-Federalists Major leaders included Patrick Henry of Virginia and Governor George Clinton of New York Major leaders included Patrick Henry of Virginia and Governor George Clinton of New York Opposed to the Constitution Opposed to the Constitution Believed Constitution robbed the states of too much power Believed Constitution robbed the states of too much power Distrusted any government removed from direct control of the people Distrusted any government removed from direct control of the people Suspected the new Constitution favored the rich and powerful Suspected the new Constitution favored the rich and powerful Demanded a ______ ________ ________ Demanded a ______ ________ ________

39. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Adding the Bill of Rights The fruit of Anti-Federalist activism The fruit of Anti-Federalist activism Nationalists promise to add a bill of rights Nationalists promise to add a bill of rights First _____ amendments added by December 1791 First _____ amendments added by December 1791

40. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Bill of Rights First 10 Amendments to the Constitution First 10 Amendments to the Constitution Major freedoms listed: Major freedoms listed: speech, press, religion, right to bear arms, fair trial, search warrants, states rights speech, press, religion, right to bear arms, fair trial, search warrants, states rights

41. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Progress of Ratification Succeed in winning ratification in 11 states by June 1788 Succeed in winning ratification in 11 states by June 1788 North Carolina ratifies November 1789 North Carolina ratifies November 1789 Rhode Island ratifies May 1790 Rhode Island ratifies May 1790 Americans close ranks behind the Constitution Americans close ranks behind the Constitution

42. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Ratification of the Constitution

43. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill

44. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill

45. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Changing Revolutionary Ideals Changing Revolutionary Ideals –Americans rejected some republican beliefs by agreeing to a sovereign national government and an independent executive –Behavior shaped by interest rather than virtue –Constitutional debates would evolve into subsequent political tensions “Within the life span of a single generation, Americans had declared their independence twice. In many ways the political freedom claimed from Britain in 1776 was less remarkable than the intellectual freedom that Americans achieved by agreeing to the Constitution”(220).