1. Mutations and Genetic Modifications TEKS BIO 6C

2. Eagle Zone (Explain)- don’t be lazy
Eagle Zone (Explain)- don’t be lazy! Use a book if you don’t know the answer
Use the words codon, amino acids, and protein in ONE sentence which describes their association with each other.
Why does DNA not participate directly in protein production?
What is a mutation?
Are all mutations harmful? Why or Why not?
Can mutation be helpful? How?

3. Engage: One Wrong Letter

4. Explore: What about Mistakes??
Mutation
Any changes to the genetic material of a cell
Modeling Chromosomal Mutations (coloring activity)

5. Mutations How can mutation occur? Simple replication errors in DNA
Environmental Mutagens
How Mutations Happen

6. Types of Mutations Point Mutations Variation in Chromosome Number
Base Pair Substitutions
Silent
Missense – new protein (Amino Acid Substitutions)
Base Pair Insertions and deletions
Triplet Repeats
Frameshift Mutations
Variation in Chromosome Number
Chromosome Abnormalities
Deletions
Translocations
Duplications
Inversions

7. Point Mutations

8. Potential Results of Point Mutation
Look at your codon chart or codon wheel.
What would happen if the following Point Mutation Occurred:
CCACCC
GGAGGU
UCUUCA
Amino acid meaning was not altered
Silent mutation

9. Potential Result of Point Mutation
One Amino Acid Substituted for Another
Sickle Cell Anemia
Valine is replaced with Glutamic Acid

10. Point Mutations: Frame Shift
One or more bases are inserted or deleted into the sequence of the gene
How many letters of DNA can a ribosome read at one time?
three letter "words”
adding or removing one letter changes each subsequent “word”
These mutation can make the DNA meaningless
shortened and functionless protein

11. Deletion Frame Shifts
A deletion of one or more bases on a section of the chromosome.

12. Base Pair Insertions (Triplet Repeats)
Occurs when DNA is not copied correctly and a segment is repeated
Ex) Huntington Disease—CAG Repeat

13. Variation in Chromosome Number
Having any number of chromosomes that does not equal 23 pairs.
Ex) Down Syndrome – Chromosome 21’s

14. Chromosome Abnormalities -Translocations -Duplications -Inversions

15. Translocations
When one piece of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome

16. Duplications
Occurs during crossing over and one chromosome ends up with more genes than it received.

17. Inversions
A reversal in the order of a segment of a chromosome

18. Heredity, Mutations, and Inheritable Diseases

19. Elaboration 1
The next several slides will give you information concerning a particular mutation. On your paper describe the overall affect this mutation may cause.

20. Types of Mutations
DNA Sentence - THE FAT CAT ATE THE WEE RAT
Mutation - THE FAT HAT ATE THE WEE RAT
If this was a DNA sequence, what would this type of mutation be called?
Could this change cause the polypeptide sequence to change? How?
If this type of mutation occurred, what, if any, might be the possible consequence for the organism?

21. Types of Mutations
Original Sample Gene - THE FAT CAT ATE THE WEE RAT
Mutation THE FAT KAT ATE THE WEE RAT
If this was a DNA sequence, what would this type of mutation be called?
Was the meaning of the gene sentence altered?
If this type of mutation occurred, would there be any consequence for the organism?

22. Types of Mutations
Original Sample Gene - THE FAT CAT ATE THE WEE RAT
Mutation THE FAT CAA TET HEW EER AT
If this was a DNA sequence, what would this type of mutation be called?
Could this change cause the polypeptide sequence to change? How?
If this type of mutation occurred, what, if any, might be the possible consequence for the organism?

23. Types of Mutations
Original Sample Gene - THE FAT CAT ATE THE WEE RAT
Mutation THE FAT ATE THE WEE RAT
If this was a DNA sequence, what would this type of mutation be called?
Could this change cause the polypeptide sequence to change? How?
If this type of mutation occurred, what, if any, might be the possible consequence for the organism?

24. Types of Mutations
Original Sample Gene - THE FAT CAT ATE THE WEE RAT
Mutation - THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE WEE RAT
If this was a DNA sequence, what would this type of mutation be called?
Could this change cause the polypeptide sequence to change? How?
If this type of mutation occurred, what, if any, might be the possible consequence for the organism?

25. Elaboration 2
You will watch the movie Lorenzo’s Oil and complete the film guide questions.
This film will review several concepts we have already covered and will introduce several new concepts to be learned.

26. Evaluation
The next several slides will show different types of mutations.
In your lab book, name each of the following mutations.

27. What Type of Mutation?

32. Genetic Modification Where can it lead?

33. Eagle Zone- Complete this orally-5 minutes
Review questions:
How many bases does it take to make a codon? 3
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
What is used to look up amino acids codes?
mRNA codon chart

34. Evaluate 2- PICTURE IT! Modeling Mutations Card Activity
Students will receive cards, representing nucleotides, and line the cards up in a particular genetic sequence
PART 1
Students will use colored paper to write the mutated sequences for these mutations:
Deletion
Insertion (insert any new base into the sequence)
Base Repeat (repeat any single base 3 times)
Take a picture of the sequence after completing each mutation
PART 2
Students will use colored paper to:
Write the mRNA sequence
Write the amino acid sequence
Take a picture of these sequences when complete

35. Karyotyping and Pedigrees
TEKS BIO 6D

36. What is a Karyotype A Karyotype is Characteristics
An organized profile of a person’s chromosomes represented by a picture of the person’s individual chromosomes
Chromosomes are arranged and numbered by size, banding pattern, and centromere position
Size ranges from largest chromosome to smallest chromosome
Reading Chromosomes

37. What is the purpose of a karyotype
What is the purpose of a karyotype? To help scientists quickly identify chromosomal alterations that may result in a genetic disorder

38. Class Practice Elaborate/Extend
Class practice: match the chromosomes with their correct sister in the online game
Karyotyping Activity: Match chromosome parts in the envelope with the karyotype your group is given. This activity will help you practice understanding what causes genetic disorders and will serve as an introduction to mutations
Class Practice

39. Pedigrees What is a pedigree? Molecular Genealogy Animation
similar to a family tree
Shows genotypes and phenotypes of a genetic trait through several generations of a family
Molecular Genealogy Animation

40. Pedigree Analysis Autosomal Recessive Inheritance
a pattern of inheritance resulting from the transmission of a recessive allele on an autosome (a chromosome other than a sex chromosome)
Males and females are affected with equal frequency
There may be no family history of the trait; it becomes manifest when two carriers have a child who is homozygous recessive
Examples are:
Cystic fibrosis, phenylketonuria, and galactosemia

42. Pedigree Analysis Autosomal Dominant Inheritance
a pattern of inheritance in which the transmission of a dominant allele on an autosome causes a trait to be expressed
Males and females are affected with equal frequency
If one parent is homozygous for the dominant allele, all of the children will express the trait
Examples:
Achondroplasia, osteogenesis imperfecta, polydactyly, Marfan's syndrome, and some neuromuscular disorders

44. Elaborate/Extend Family Pedigrees activity
Utah website for practice and more information on your disorder:

45. Explain Meiosis- Making Reproductive Cells (Sperm and Eggs)
Event
Mitosis
Meiosis
Two cell divisions
Centrioles appear
Chromosomes pair up
Spindle fibers form
Cytokinesis
Two daughter cells
Four daughter cells
Draw the chart into your lab book. Fill in the chart as we watch the animation.
Meiosis Animation

46. Explore- Modeling Meiosis- Straw activity
Use yarn to represent cell membrane and nuclear membrane (when present)
Cut out straws of different colors to represent the phases of meiosis 1 and meiosis 2.
Use your Phases of Meiosis notes as a guide