1. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 13 Childhood Disorders

2. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 13 Symptoms of Separation Anxiety Disorder Excessive distress when separated from home or caregivers, or is anticipating separation Persistent and excessive worry about losing, or harm coming to, caregivers Excessively fearful about being alone Nightmares about separation Repeated complaints of physical symptoms when separation from caregivers occurs or is anticipated

3. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 13 Proposed Etiologies for Separation Anxiety Disorder Biological: may be genetic predisposition to anxiety disorders, including separation anxiety and panic attacks. Behavioral inhibition: children are born with an inhibited, fearful temperament. Traumatic and uncontrollable events: traumatic events can cause chronic uncontrollability; parents may encourage fearful behavior or not encourage independence.

4. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 13 Effects of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Separation Anxiety Disorder

5. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 13 Elimination Disorders Enuresis – Unintended urination at least 2x/week for 3 months – Child over 5 years of age – Causes may be genetic, or anxiety/conflicts, or inappropriate toilet training – Treated with medications, bell and pad method Encopresis – Unintended defecation at least 1x/month for 3 months – Child over 4 years of age – Usually begins after episodes of severe constipation – Treated with medication and behavioral contracting

6. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 13 Disorders of Cognitive, Motor, and Communication Skills Learning disorders Reading disorder Mathematics disorder Disorder of written expression Deficits in ability to read Deficits in mathematics skills Deficits in the ability to write Motor skills disorders Developmental coordination disorder Deficits in the ability to walk, run, hold on to objects Communication disorders Expressive language disorder Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder Phonological disorder Stuttering Deficits in the ability to express oneself through language Deficits in the ability both to express oneself through language and to understand the language of others Use of speech sounds inappropriate for age or dialect Severe problems in word fluency

7. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 13 Criteria for Mental Retardation Significantly subaverage intellectual functioning, indicated by an IQ of approximately 70 or below Onset before age 18

8. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 13 Criteria for Mental Retardation, continued Significant deficits in at least two of the following areas: 1. Communication 2. Self-care 3. Home living 4. Social or interpersonal skills 5. Use of community resources

9. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 13 Criteria for Mental Retardation, continued Significant deficits in at least two of the following areas: 6. Self-direction 7. Academic skills 8. Work 9. Leisure 10. Health 11. Personal safety

10. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 13 Biological Causes of Mental Retardation Genetic contributions to mental retardation Prenatal environment – Drugs and alcohol – Infectious diseases (e.g., rubella, syphilis) Severe head trauma

11. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 13 Typically diagnosed in infancy. There is a clear history or indicators of a biological abnormality. The severity of retardation is profound, severe, or moderate. Parents and siblings are likely to have intellectual functioning similar to that of the general population. Socioeconomic status is representative of that of the general population. Physical health is poorer than in the general population.Treatments can improve functioning but not cure the condition. Organic Mental Retardation

12. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 13 Cultural-Familial Mental Retardation It is typically diagnosed at school age There may be no history or indicators of biological abnormality The severity of retardation is often mild Impairments are specific to certain situations

13. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 13 Cultural-Familial Mental Retardation, continued Parents and siblings are more likely to have mild retardation Occurs often in lower socioeconomic groups Physical health is about the same as that in the general population Treatments may cure the condition entirely

14. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 13 Treatments for Mental Retardation Behavioral Strategies Involvement of parents and caregivers, behavioral modeling, integrated approach Drug Therapy Neuroleptic medications, atypical antipsychotics to reduce aggression, antidepressants to reduce depression Social Programs Early intervention, mainstreaming, institutionalization when necessary, group homes that provide comprehensive care

15. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 13 Pervasive Developmental Disorders Rett’s Disorder Autism Pervasive Developmental Disorders Asperger’s Disorder

16. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 13 Tic Disorders Tourette’s disorder Chronic motor or focal tic disorder Transient tic disorder

17. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 13 Feeding and eating disorders Pica Rumination disorder Feeding disorder of infancy or early childhood

18. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 13 Other childhood disorders Selective mutism Reactive attachment disorder Stereotypic movement disorder