2.  Understanding which chromosomes have been affected helps physicians diagnose and treat patients with genetic disorders or syndromes.  A syndrome is a particular disease or disorder with a specific group of symptoms that occur together.

3.  Down syndrome is one of the most frequently occurring types of chromosome mutations.  have characteristic facial features and shorter stature and may be prone to developing heart defects and diseases such as Alzheimer’s and leukemia.  Ninety-five percent of the cases of Down syndrome are caused by an extra 21st chromosome

4.  is a common recessive genetic disease which affects the entire body  Difficulty breathing is the most serious symptom  multitude of other symptoms, including sinus infections, poor growth

5.  One genetic disease was discovered in the isolated community of Sandy Point, on the west coast of the island of Newfoundland.  caused by a mutation of a single chromosome  a low birth weight, hand and facial abnormalities, and psychomotor dysfunction

6.  Mendel’s experiments  Watson and Crick’s double helix model of DNA  Human Genome Project  genetic engineering

7.  Gregor Mendel developed the model of heredity that now bears his name by experiments on various charactersitics of pea plants: height (tall vs. Short); seed color (yellow vs. Green); seat coat (smooth vs. wrinkled), etc.  He mapped out traits in plants through cross breeding experiments.

8.  April 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick presented the structure of the DNA-helix,  in 1962, they shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine  When you shine X-rays on any kind of crystal – and some biological molecules, such as DNA, can form crystals if treated in certain ways – the invisible rays bounce off the sample.

9.  Begun formally in 1990 completion date 2003  identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA,  determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA,  store this information in databases,  improve tools for data analysis,  transfer related technologies to the private sector, and  address the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) that may arise from the project.

10.  Genetic engineering, is the direct human manipulation of an organism's genome using modern DNA technology  Industrial  Agriculture  Medicine

11.  AS our knowledge increases in the use of DNA it is expected that new technologies will develop to exploit this knowledge.  Nanotechnology manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale

12.  Dr. Terry-Lynn Young Memorial  University researcher  identified the gene responsible for a condition that causes the sudden death of young men, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC)