1. Heredity

2. FADTP 4-1

3. We are learning to explain that diversity of species is developed through gradual processes over many generations.
We are looking for how a species has changed to adapt to survive in its environment as evidenced by fossil records and present day organisms.

4. Darwin
Darwin’s observations included diversity of living things, remains of ancient organisms, and characteristics of organism on the Galapagos Islands.

5. Evolution
The gradual change in a species over time.

6. Adaptation
A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce.

7. Diversity Differences among species. Diversity among species.
Species is a group of similar organisms that can mate with each other and produce fertile offspring.

8. Fossils
A fossil is the preserved remains or traces of an organism that lived in the past.

9. What is an adaptation? A change in DNA An over production of offspring
A competition between two members of the same species
A modification in a species for survival
I need help. of 27 10

10. Evolution can occur over a weekend Evolution occurs in several months
Which of the following is true about the rate of evolution for most species?
Evolution can occur over a weekend
Evolution occurs in several months
Evolution occurs over one year
Evolution occurs over millions of years
I need help! of 27 10

11. Thick neck Thin neck Long neck Short neck I need help!
If trees grew taller over time, what physical characteristics of giraffe would allow them to survive?
Thick neck
Thin neck
Long neck
Short neck
I need help! of 27 10

12. Diversity within a species. Similarity within a species.
Which of the following is a result of adaptations over a long period of time?
Diversity within a species.
Similarity within a species.
Extinction of a species.
I need help! of 27 10

13. Focused Free Write
Write a paragraph on how an animal or plant (fictional or nonfictional) has adapted to the environment and changed or evolved over a period of time in order to survive.

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20. FADTP 4-2

21. We are learning to: explain how variations in an organism allow it to reproduce successfully and survive in a particular environment.
We are looking for: the following variations:
How the organism is put together (structure)
How the organism acts (behavior)
What happens inside the organism that lets it live (physiology)

22. Adaptations
Adaptation is a trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce.

23. Evolution
Darwin hypothesized that the species gradually changed over many generations and became better adapted to the new conditions.
Evolution is the gradual change in a species over time.

24. Natural Selection
Natural selection is the process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than other members of the same species.

25. Evidence of Evolution Fossils. Pattern of early development.
Similar body structure.

26. Similarities in Early Development
What do an adult fish, salamander, chicken and opossum have in common?
During early stages of development all four have a tail and a row of tiny slits along their throats.

27. Similarities in Body Structure
What do fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals have in common?
They all have an internal skeleton with a backbone.
Homologous structures are similar structures that related species have inherited.
Dolphin’s flipper.
Dog’s leg.
Bird’s wing.

28. In what way did the Galapagos finches vary?
Different color
Different beak structure
Size of bird
Change in type of foot
I need help! of 27 10

29. Acquired characteristics in the parent finches
Darwin’s studies of finches on the Galapagos Islands suggest that the finches’ differences in beak structure were most directly due to….
Acquired characteristics in the parent finches
Mating behaviors of different finch species
Adaptations of the finches to different environments
I need help! of 27 10

30. Which of the following is better adapted for a water environment?
Hawk
Duck
sparrow B A. of 27 C 10

31. Please copy circle and do this.
Fill in three words that closely relate to the word given.
Write a paragraph explaining the significance of each word and how they fit together to form a concept?
Variation

32. FADTP 4-3

33. We are learning to: explain that diversity of species is developed through gradual processes over many generations.
We are looking for: how a species has changed to adapt to survive in its environment as evidenced by fossil records and present day organisms.
We are learning to: describe how an organism adapted to a particular environment may become extinct.
We are looking for :evidence in the fossil record of the environmental change that caused an organism to go extinct

34. Branching Tree
A branching tree is a diagram that shows how scientists think different groups of organisms are related.

35. New Species
A new species can form when a group of individuals remains isolated from the rest of its species long enough to evolve different traits.

36. The Fossil Record
Fossils form when organisms that die become buried in sediments.
Types of Fossils
Petrified fossils.
Molds & casts.
Preserved remains.

37. Determining Age of Fossils
Scientists can determine a fossil’s age in two ways:
Relative dating.
Radioactive dating using half-life.

38. Geologic Time Scale Precambrian Paleozoic Era Mesozoic Era
Ordovician
Silurian
Devonian
Carboniferous
Permian
Mesozoic Era
Triassic
Jurassic
Cretaceous
Cenozoic Era
Tertiary
Quaternary

39. Cause of the Mass Extinction
About 65 million years ago a large asteroid struck the earth.
The impact created a large cloud of gas and dust.
The dust blocked sunlight, killing many plants.
Animals all starved to death.

40. Rate of Evolution
Gradualism proposes that evolution occurs slowly but steadily.
Punctuated equilibria states that a species evolve quickly during relatively short periods.

41. How do scientists know that organisms have evolved?
Fossil record shows changes in organisms
Photographic evidence
Climate changes
Old written observations of 27 10

42. What can scientists learn from fossils?
Fossils show how life has changed on Earth
Fossils show how living things have stayed the same for many years
Fossils show that most organisms that lived millions of years ago still exist today
Fossils show that the Earth is only 6,000 years old. of 27 10

43. Which layer of rock has the oldest fossil?
Top layer
Middle layer
Bottom layer
Help! I don’t understand! of 27 10

44. ____sexual reproduction ____asexual reproduction
1. PRACTICE
2. EXTENSION
Make a drawing that shows where old fossils would be found and where new fossils would be found in sedimentary rock.
Imagine you are examining a certain species of fossils in several layer of rock and you notice that fossils disappear as you go up in the layers of rock. Write a paragraph that provides an explanation for this.
4. FRONTLOAD
Pre Check Key Terms
3. REVIEW
____sexual reproduction
____asexual reproduction
_____heredity
_____genetics
_____gene
_____chromosome
_____DNA
Make a drawing showing the position of the Earth, Sun and Moon at full moon phase. Shade the portion of the moon that is not lit up by the sun.

45. OAA Review

46. FADTP 4-5

47. We are learning to: describe how asexual reproduction increases or decreases chances for survival.     We are looking for : Increases survival: due to no variation, it allows for survival in a stable environment. Decreases survival: due to no variation, the organism is not able to adapt to a changing environment.

48. Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction

49. Asexual reproduction
A form of reproduction which does not involve meiosis or fertilization.
Asexual reproduction = one parent.
The primary form of reproduction for single-celled organisms such as archaea, bacteria, and protists.
Many plants and fungi reproduce mostly asexually as well.

50. Binary Fission Asexual
Cell splits and replicated DNA goes with each part
Prokaryotes, Bacteria
+ Fast and easy
- Everybody has the same DNA

51. Bacterial Conjugation
Asexual, “Sexual”
A bacteria shoots out a tube and sends a piece of its DNA to another bacteria
Bacteria
+ Mixes DNA
- “Parent” loses a little piece of DNA

52. Fragmentation/ regeneration
Asexual
Body of parent breaks and produces offspring
Fungi, moss, sea stars, planarian
+ Easy
- Parent broken, same DNA
Fragmentation or Clonal Fragmentation is a form of asexual reproduction or cloning where an organism is split into fragments. The splitting may or may not be intentional. Each of these fragments develop into mature, fully grown individuals that are a clone of the original organism. If the organism is split any further the process is repeated.
Fragmentation is seen in many organisms such as molds, some annelid worms, and starfish. Binary fission of single-celled organisms such bacteria, protozoa and many algae is a type of fragmentation.
Molds, yeast, and mushrooms, all of which are part of the Fungi kingdom, produce tiny filaments called hyphae. These hyphae obtain food and nutrients from the body of other organisms to grow and fertilize. Then a piece of hyphae breaks off and grows into a new individual and the cycle continues.
Fragmentation is observed in nonvascular plants as well, liverworts and mosses.

53. Fragmentation/ regeneration
Fragmentation or Clonal Fragmentation is a form of asexual reproduction or cloning where an organism is split into fragments. The splitting may or may not be intentional. Each of these fragments develop into mature, fully grown individuals that are a clone of the original organism. If the organism is split any further the process is repeated.
Fragmentation is seen in many organisms such as molds, some annelid worms, and starfish. Binary fission of single-celled organisms such bacteria, protozoa and many algae is a type of fragmentation.
Molds, yeast, and mushrooms, all of which are part of the Fungi kingdom, produce tiny filaments called hyphae. These hyphae obtain food and nutrients from the body of other organisms to grow and fertilize. Then a piece of hyphae breaks off and grows into a new individual and the cycle continues.
Fragmentation is observed in nonvascular plants as well, liverworts and mosses.
Moss

54. Budding Asexual Offspring grows out of parent Yeast, hydras
+ Fast, somewhat easy
- Same DNA

55. Sexual Reproduction
Results in increasing genetic diversity of the offspring.
Characterized by two processes:
meiosis, halving of the number of chromosomes
fertilization, combination of two gametes and the restoration of the original number of chromosomes
During meiosis, chromosomes usually cross over = genetic recombination.
Primary method of reproduction for the vast majority of visible organisms, including almost all animals and plants.

56. Sexual Reproduction Sexual DNA from 2 individuals merge to form one
Animals, Plants
+ Diverse DNA
- Takes a long time, 2 individuals needed

57. Sexual Reproduction

58. Pollination Sexual Pollen is delivered to female part of plant
Flowering plants
+ Plants don’t have to move, mixes DNA
- Need external source for pollination to take place; wind, bee, bat, butterfly etc.

59. Pollination

60. Paramecia usually reproduce asexually. Fish reproduce sexually
Paramecia usually reproduce asexually. Fish reproduce sexually. Suppose the environmental conditions in the lagoon change. What advantage will the fish populations have over the paramecium population?
Offspring are identical to the parents
Genetic variability decreases in the fish populations
Only a single individual is required to reproduce
Offspring are able to adapt to new conditions over fewer generations.
Help! I don’t understand.

61. Which of the following is NOT an example of asexual reproduction?
budding
Dispersal of spores
Fission
Fertilization
Help! I don’t understand.

62. Which of the following statements is true regarding asexual reproduction?
Requires a lot of energy
Allows for diversity
Does not allow for diversity
Requires two different organisms
Help! I don’t understand.

63. How has sexual reproduction enhanced a species’ chance for survival?
It produces offspring with unique traits
It always produces offspring that are identical
It does not allow for genetic variation
It produces offspring that cannot reproduce if two different species mate
Help! I don’t understand.

64. Venn Diagram Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction 1. 1. 2. 2. 3.

65. FADTP 4-5

66. We are learning to: describe how asexual reproduction increases or decreases chances for survival.     We are looking for : Increases survival: due to no variation, it allows for survival in a stable environment. Decreases survival: due to no variation, the organism is not able to adapt to a changing environment.

67. Type (asexual or sexual) Organisms that use this type
BB: Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction Please copy this chart in your notebook – use the WHOLE page.
Name
Type (asexual or sexual)
What happens?
Organisms that use this type +
Positives -
Negatives
1. Binary Fission
2. Bacterial Conjugation
3. Fragmentation
4. Budding
5. Pollination
6. Sexual Reproduction

68. Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction

69. Asexual reproduction
A form of reproduction which does not involve meiosis or fertilization.
Asexual reproduction = one parent.
The primary form of reproduction for single-celled organisms such as archaea, bacteria, and protists.
Many plants and fungi reproduce mostly asexually as well.

70. Sexual Reproduction
Results in increasing genetic diversity of the offspring.
Characterized by two processes:
meiosis, halving of the number of chromosomes
fertilization, combination of two gametes and the restoration of the original number of chromosomes
During meiosis, chromosomes usually cross over = genetic recombination.
Primary method of reproduction for the vast majority of visible organisms, including almost all animals and plants.

71. Binary Fission Asexual
Cell splits and replicated DNA goes with each part
Prokaryotes, Bacteria
+ Fast and easy
- Everybody has the same DNA

72. Bacterial Conjugation
Asexual, “Sexual”
A bacteria shoots out a tube and sends a piece of its DNA to another bacteria
Bacteria
+ Mixes DNA
- “Parent” loses a little piece of DNA

73. Fragmentation/ regeneration
Asexual
Body of parent breaks and produces offspring
Fungi, moss, sea stars, planarian
+ Easy
- Parent broken, same DNA
Fragmentation or Clonal Fragmentation is a form of asexual reproduction or cloning where an organism is split into fragments. The splitting may or may not be intentional. Each of these fragments develop into mature, fully grown individuals that are a clone of the original organism. If the organism is split any further the process is repeated.
Fragmentation is seen in many organisms such as molds, some annelid worms, and starfish. Binary fission of single-celled organisms such bacteria, protozoa and many algae is a type of fragmentation.
Molds, yeast, and mushrooms, all of which are part of the Fungi kingdom, produce tiny filaments called hyphae. These hyphae obtain food and nutrients from the body of other organisms to grow and fertilize. Then a piece of hyphae breaks off and grows into a new individual and the cycle continues.
Fragmentation is observed in nonvascular plants as well, liverworts and mosses.

74. Fragmentation/ regeneration
Fragmentation or Clonal Fragmentation is a form of asexual reproduction or cloning where an organism is split into fragments. The splitting may or may not be intentional. Each of these fragments develop into mature, fully grown individuals that are a clone of the original organism. If the organism is split any further the process is repeated.
Fragmentation is seen in many organisms such as molds, some annelid worms, and starfish. Binary fission of single-celled organisms such bacteria, protozoa and many algae is a type of fragmentation.
Molds, yeast, and mushrooms, all of which are part of the Fungi kingdom, produce tiny filaments called hyphae. These hyphae obtain food and nutrients from the body of other organisms to grow and fertilize. Then a piece of hyphae breaks off and grows into a new individual and the cycle continues.
Fragmentation is observed in nonvascular plants as well, liverworts and mosses.
Moss

75. Budding Asexual Offspring grows out of parent Yeast, hydras
+ Fast, somewhat easy
- Same DNA

76. Pollination Sexual Pollen is delivered to female part of plant
Flowering plants
+ Plants don’t have to move, mixes DNA
- Need external source for pollination to take place; wind, bee, bat, butterfly etc.

77. Pollination

78. Sexual Reproduction Sexual DNA from 2 individuals merge to form one
Animals, Plants
+ Diverse DNA
- Takes a long time, 2 individuals needed

79. Sexual Reproduction

80. Sexual Reproduction

81. Paramecia usually reproduce asexually. Fish reproduce sexually
Paramecia usually reproduce asexually. Fish reproduce sexually. Suppose the environmental conditions in the lagoon change. What advantage will the fish populations have over the paramecium population?
Offspring are identical to the parents
Genetic variability decreases in the fish populations
Only a single individual is required to reproduce
Offspring are able to adapt to new conditions over fewer generations.
Help! I don’t understand.

82. Which of the following is NOT an example of asexual reproduction?
budding
Dispersal of spores
Fission
Fertilization
Help! I don’t understand.

83. Which of the following statements is true regarding asexual reproduction?
Requires a lot of energy
Allows for diversity
Does not allow for diversity
Requires two different organisms
Help! I don’t understand.

84. How has sexual reproduction enhanced a species’ chance for survival?
It produces offspring with unique traits
It always produces offspring that are identical
It does not allow for genetic variation
It produces offspring that cannot reproduce if two different species mate
Help! I don’t understand.

85. Venn Diagram Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction 1. 1. 2. 2. 3.

86. FADTP 4-6

87. We are learning to: recognize that likenesses between parents and offspring are inherited while some are learned.     We are looking for: example of traits that are inherited and traits that are learned.

88. Gregor Mendel Mendelian genetics (Mendel is the father of genetics)
Heredity is the passing of characteristics from parent to offspring.
Get 50% of characteristics from each biological parent. (fertilization occurs when the egg & sperm meet)
Some traits appear and others are hidden.

89. Traits
Each different characteristic is called a trait.

90. Punnett Square Crossing traits
Purebred organisms have the same trait. (TT or tt)
Hybrid organisms have two different alleles for a trait. (Tt)
P generation is the parent generation.
F1 is the first filial.
F2 is the second filial.

91. Alleles A gene is the factor that controls a trait.
Alleles are different forms of a gene.
Some alleles are dominant.
Some alleles are recessive.
In Mendel’s experiment, only one trait appeared in the F1 generation, but in the F2 generation, the lost form of the trait always reappeared in 25% of the plants.

92. Probability Probability and Heredity
Probability is the chance that a particular outcome will occur.
Punnett squares are used to predict that a particular trait will show.
In a genetic cross, the allele each parent passes on to the next generation offspring is dependent on probability.

93. Codominance
Codominance is when the allele is neither dominant nor recessive; both alleles are expressed in the offspring.

94. Phenotype vs. Genotype
The phenotype is the physical appearance of the organism.
The genotype is the genetic makeup of the organism or the allele combination.
Homozygous is when the organism has two identical alleles for a trait.
Heterozygous is when the organism has two different alleles for a trait.

95. Human Inheritance
Some human traits are controlled by single genes with two alleles, and others by single genes with multiple alleles. Still other traits are controlled by many genes that act together.

96. Environment
Many of a person’s characteristics are determined by an interaction between genes and the environment.

97. From whom does a male offspring get its traits?
Mom
Dad
Both a and b
Neither a or b
Help! I don’t understand!

98. Which of the following is a learned trait?
Hair color
Eye color
Table manners
Height

99. Help! I don’t understand!
Which of the following terms describe the physical appearance of the organisms caused by inherited traits?
Allele
Genotype
Homozygous
Phenotype
Help! I don’t understand!

100. Which term describes an inherited trait that is always expressed when present?
Dominant
Genotype
Phenotype
Recessive
Help! I need help

101. You will be given 3 minutes to come up with as many examples of traits (inherited or learned) that you can. Then, compare your answers with a partner and combine your answers to make one list.
Inherited Traits
Learned Traits

102. FADTP 4-7

103. We are learning to: recognize the differences between inherited traits and learned traits.
We are looking for: probability about inheritance using Punnett squares.

104. Inherited Traits These traits are passed on from parents.
Half of the traits come from the father and half of the traits come from the mother.
The traits are passed through genes.

105. Learned Traits Learned traits are influenced by the environment.
These traits are skills acquired through a learning process.

106. The Sex Chromosomes
Sex chromosomes are one of 23 pairs of chromosomes in each body.
The sex chromosomes carry genes that determine whether a person is male or female.
They also carry genes that determine other traits.

107. Sex-Linked Genes
Genes on the X and Y chromosomes are often called sex-linked genes.
A carrier is a person who has one recessive allele for a trait and one dominant allele.

108. Sex-Linked Traits Colorblindness Male patterned baldness. Hemophilia.
Duchene Muscular Dystrophy.

109. Human Genetic Disorders
A genetic disorder is an abnormal condition that a person inherits through genes or chromosomes.
Cystic Fibrosis
Sickle-Cell Disease
Hemophilia
Down Syndrome

110. Genetic Disorders
Some genetic disorders are caused by mutations in the DNA of genes.
Other disorders are caused by changes in the overall structure or number of chromosomes.

111. Pedigrees
A pedigree is a chart of “family tree” that tracks which members of a family have a particular trait.

112. Managing Genetic Disorders
Karyotype is a picture of all the chromosomes in a cell.
Genetic counseling helps couples understand their chances of having a child with a particular genetic disorder.

113. Dealing with Genetic Disorders
Medical Care.
Education.
Job Training.

114. Advances in Genetics
Selective breeding.
Cloning.
Genetic engineering.

115. Selective Breeding
Inbreeding involves crossing two individuals that have similar characteristics.
Hybridization is the cross between two genetically different individuals.

116. Cloning
A clone is an organism that has exactly the same genes as the organism for which it was produced.

117. Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering is when genes from one organism are transferred into the DNA of another organism.
Bacteria.
Cows.
Gene therapy.
Genetically altered crops.

118. Education About Genetics
A genome is all the DNA in one cell of an organism.
The main goal of the Human Genome Project has been to identify the DNA sequence of every gene in the human genome.

119. What is the phenotype of the F1 generation from the Punnett square below? (T = tall, t = short)
50% tall, 50% short
75% tall, 25% short T t T t

120. Which of the following statements describes the offspring in the Punnett Square below?
All offspring will be homozygous recessive.
Half of the offspring should have the recessive phenotype.
The offspring will all have the dominant trait.
The offspring are all heterozygous. t t T t

121. Two adults decide to have a baby
Two adults decide to have a baby. If one parent has brown eyes (BB), which is a dominant trait and the other parent has blue eyes (bb) which is a recessive trait. What is the probability that they will have a baby with blue eyes?
100%
75%
50%
25% 0%

122. In rabbits, brown fur (B) is dominant over white fur (b)
In rabbits, brown fur (B) is dominant over white fur (b). If two brown, heterozygous rabbits mate, what is the probability that their offspring will have white fur?
100%
75%
50%
25% 0%

123. In humans, free ear lobes (E) is dominant over attached ear lobes (e)
In humans, free ear lobes (E) is dominant over attached ear lobes (e). Which of the following describe the outcomes if a homozygous dominant man and a heterozygous female have a baby?
All of their children will have attached ear lobes
½ of their children will have attached ear lobes
All of their children will have free ear lobes
½ of their children will have free ear lobes.

124. Create Your Own Punnett Square
Choose a trait with which can create a Punnett square…assign a letter to that trait (EX. Hair Color = B)
Write a hypothetical situation that gives background genetic information…you MUST use the words homozygous and/or heterozygous and dominant and/or recessive
Create a Punnett square using the information in your hypothetical situation
List the possible GENOTYPES
List the possible PHENOTYPES
Show the probabilities of your listed GENOTYPES and PHENOTYPES