1. 8th Grade Chapter 20 Guided Notes
“An Industrial Society”

2. Section 1: “The Growth of Industry”
Read “One American’s Story” p. 585.
“The Industrial Revolution Continues”
Factory production expanded in the U.S. and had spread beyond the New England ________ to other regions and industries. Several factors encouraged this growth: 1) Plentiful _________________. America had a large supply of forests, water and ___________________. 2) Growing population. From 1860 to 1900 the U.S. population grew from ______________ to ______________, which led to a need for goods and spurred the growth of __________.

3. 3) Improved transportation
3) Improved transportation. Steamboats, canals and _____________ made it possible to ship items long distances more quickly. As goods got to markets more quickly, _________ grew. 4) High Immigration. Between 1860 and 1900, about __________ people immigrated to the U.S. Many were skilled, and ____________ workers supplied the labor the growing industry needed. 5) New Inventions. New machines and improved processes helped industry _____________________ more efficiently. Inventors applied for a _________, a gov’t document giving an inventor the exclusive right to make and sell his or her invention for a couple of years.

4. Investment capital. When businesses made ___________, banks and wealthy people lent businesses money. 7) Government assistance. State and fed. Gov’ts used ___________, land grants, and subsidies to help businesses grow.
“The Business Cycle”
American industry experienced a patter of ups and downs know as the _________________. During booms, people ____________; during busts spending and investing decrease. When industries ________ workers, businesses may shrink or close. This period of low economic activity is a _________________.
In the late 1800s, there were two harsh depressions called __________. Overall, man. goods incr. _____

5. “Steel: The Backbone of Industry”
The __________ industry contributed to America’s industrial growth. In the 1850s, ____________in the U.S. and _________________ in England independently developed what became known as the ___________________. It used less than 1/7 of the coals that the older processes used. This caused the nation’s steel output to increase ____________ bet and 1900.
“Edison and Electricity”
By the 1870s, inventors had designed efficient _____________, a machine that produces an

6. “Bell and the Telephone”
electric current.
The inventor who found the most ways to use electricity was _________________. His laboratory invented so many things that Edison received more than _________ patents.
Edison’s most famous invention was practical ___________________. He figured out how to make a safe, steady __________________. He also invented a system to deliver ___________ to buildings.
“Bell and the Telephone”
________________, a Scottish immigrant who taught deaf students invented the telephone.

7. “Inventions Change Industry”
He and his assistant, Thomas Watson, tried to invent a device to transmit _____________ using electricity. He and his assistant invented the ______________.
“Inventions Change Industry”
The _____________ opened jobs for women. _____________________ invented the first practical typewriter in 1867.
The _________________ also changed American life. __________________ first patented it, but _________________ created on with improvements. It lead to a new _____________. Increasingly, people bought clothes

8. Section 2: “Railroads Transform the Nation”
instead of making their own.
Section 2: “Railroads Transform the Nation”
Read “One American’s Story” p. 590.
A _____________________, one that spanned the entire country, would encourage people to _________ the West and develop its ________. In 1862, Congress approved a bill that called for two companies to build a _______________ across the U.S.
The ______________________, led by Leland Stanford, was to start in ____________, CA and build east. The __________________ was to start in __________, NE and build west.

9. “Building the Railroad”
The gov’t gave these companies ___________ of public land for every mile of track they laid.
The Central Pacific began to lay its first track in ______, the Union Pacific laid its first rail in July ________.
“Building the Railroad”
The Central Pacific faced a labor shortage because most preferred to strike it rich as _____. Desperate for workers, the Central Pacific’s managers overcame widespread prejudice against the __________ and hired several of them. They were efficient, fearless and hard working.

10. “Railroads Tie the Nation Together”
Since they drank ______ instead of unboiled water, they were sick less often too. At the peak of construction, more than 10,000 Chinese worked on the Central Pacific.
After the Civil War ended, workers flocked to work on the railroad. They included ______________, and the largest group of immigrants, _____________.
Both railroads often hired _________________. Washos, ___________ and _____________ all assisted the race of the rails across the deserts of Nevada and Utah.
“Railroads Tie the Nation Together”

11. By May 10, 1869, Central Pacific workers had laid ________ of track
By May 10, 1869, Central Pacific workers had laid ________ of track. Union Pacific workers had laid ________. Only one span of track separated the two lines at their meeting point at ________________, Utah.
Hundreds of spectators arrived to see the transcontinental railroad completed. The last spike, a _________one, was set in place and (attempted to be ) hammered by the ________________of both railroads.
The Union Pacific-Central Pacific line was the _______ transcontinental railroad.
“Railroad Time”

12. “Economic and Social Changes”
The railroads changed American in a surprising way: they ___________________. Solar time caused problems for people who crossed time zones, so the railroad companies set up ___________________. It was a system that divided the U.S. into four ______________. By 1918, most Americans saw the benefit of it because following a _____________ had become a part of daily life.
“Economic and Social Changes”
The railroads helped create a modern America. They: 1) Linked the _____________ of E and W. From the W. the railroads carried raw

13. Section 3: “The Rise of Big Business”
Materials, which were processed in mid-W. cities. From the E. came __________________. 2) Helped people settle the W. Trains brought __________lumber, equipment, food, etc. and hauled their crops back to market. 3) Weakened the Native American hold on the West. They carried buffalo hunters, miners, and ____________ who claimed their land. 4) Gave people more control of the environment. Railroads allowed people to create cities that had no usable _______________.
Section 3: “The Rise of Big Business”
Read “One American’s Story” p. 594.

14. “The Growth of Corporations”
A _________________ was a business leader who became wealthy through dishonest methods.
“The Growth of Corporations”
One way to raise money to buy new equipment was to turn businesses into _______________, a business owned by investors who buy part of the company through shares of stock. It has advantages over a privately owned business: 1) By selling ____________, a corporation can raise large amounts of money. 2) A corporation has a special _________________ and continues to exist after its founders die.

15. “The Oil and Steel Industries”
3) A corporation limits the risks to its ________, who do not have to pay off the corporation’s debts.
The lack of regulations led to the growth of a few _________________ that dominated American industry.
“The Oil and Steel Industries”
Two men dominated these industries, _______ __________ led the oil industry and _________ ___________ led the steel industry.
Rockefeller decided that the best way to make money was to put his competitors __________ ___________. A company that wipes out its

16. competitors and control an industry is a _______ ___________.
Rockefeller’s most famous move to end competition was to develop a _________, a legal body created to hold stock in many companies, often in the same industry. He convinced other companies to join his _______ _______________. By 1880, the trust controlled _______ of all oil refining in the U.S.– and was able to set a high price for oil.
Businessmen in other _____________began to follow Rockefeller’s example. Many people thought the trusts were unfair, but the gov’t

17. slow to regulate them.
By contrast, ___________ tried to beat his competition in the steel industry by making the _________ and the __________ product. To do so, he sought to control all the processes related to the ________________________. His company dominated the _______________ from 1889 to 1901, when he sold it to ______________, the nation’s most prominent banker.
Rockefeller and Carnegie were also _________ _______, people who gave large sums of money to charities.

18. “The South Remains Agricultural”
Although some industry grew in the South, most of it remained _________________. The price of ____________ was very low. ______________ made little money from selling cotton and paying off what they owed. Because the sharecroppers had little education, merchants _________ them, increasing their debt.
Section 4: “Workers Organize”
Read “One American’s Story” p.600.
“Workers Face Hardships”
Business owners of the late 1800s wanted to keep their __________ high, so they ran their

19. factories as cheaply as possible.
Instead of building new factories due to overcrowding, the owners sent part of the work to be done by smaller businesses called __________________, or places where workers labored long hours under poor conditions for low wages.
Because they did the same jobs all day, sweatshop workers grew _______. Further, their wages were kept low; weekly wages were less than ____, which barely paid a family’s expenses. Discontented workers formed _______________-- groups of workers that negotiated for better wages and working conditions.

20. “Early Unions”
The first labor unions began in the _________, but were unable to form nat’l org. Because of a __________ in 1873, railroad workers went on strike. It didn’t prevent a _________, but it showed how angry American workers had become. In , railroad workers again went on strike, winning and attracting _________________ of new workers to the union.
“Union Setbacks”
Frightened business leaders blamed strikes on _________ and ____________. Socialists believe in _____________, an economic system

21. where all members of a society are equal owners of all businesses—they share the work and the profits. Anarchists want to _________ all forms of gov’ts.
Fearing that unions would spread such ideas, gov’t leaders tried to break _______________. In 1886, business leaders locked out striking union members and hired _____________ in their place.
When a protest meeting was held in ________ ________, violence erupted between police and union members when an unknown person threw a _________, killing 7 police and

22. “The Homestead and Pullman Strikes”
wounding about 60. In what became known as the ___________________, the police opened fire and killed several people and wounding about Afterward, police arrested ___________ of union leaders, socialists, and anarchists.
“The Homestead and Pullman Strikes”
In 1892, _______________ reduced wages at his steel mills in Homestead, PA. The union went on strike, so the business hired ___________ labor and 300 armed guards. The union workers responded by gathering weapons, and when the guards arrived, a

23. battle broke out, leaving _____ people dead
battle broke out, leaving _____ people dead. The PA militia began to escort ___________ to the mills. After 4 months, the strike collapsed, breaking the union.
During another __________, the Pullman Palace Car Company cut workers’ pay ____, but did not lower the rent it charged workers to live in company housing.
The Pullman workers began the ____________ ________, which spread through the rail industry in When the Pullman Co. refused to negotiate, the union president, ____________ called on all railroad workers to

24. “Gompers Founds the AFL”
Refuse to handle Pullman cars. This brought rail traffic to a stop throughout much of ________ _____. President ______________ called out federal troops, which ended the strike. Debs was put ___________.
“Gompers Founds the AFL”
Not all companies treated their workers badly. ______________ gave its employees an extra ½ day off and began a ______________ plan where a company gave part of its profits to its workers.
However, workers at most companies received _____________ and few ____________. So,

25. spite of opposition to unions, the _______ __________ did not die
spite of opposition to unions, the _______ __________ did not die. In 1886, leader ________________ helped found a nat’l org. of labor unions called the ___________________ ________ (AFL).
The AFL focused on improving working cond. By using strikes, ____________ and negotiation, the AFL won shorter working hours and better ______ for workers. In the next few decades, helped change the way ________________ worked.