1. Immigration & Language History Americanization Past & Present

2. Immigration Waves in the U.S. Colonial Era 1 st Wave – 1820 to 1870 “Old Immigrants” 2 nd Wave – 1880 to 1920 “New Immigrants” 3 rd Wave – 1965- Present

3. “Tenuous Beginnings” Immigrants“Americans”

4. Early Language Policy “Americanization & Acculturation” U.S. welcomed the labor but were uncomfortable with “differences” “Melting Pot” Ideology was formed

5. The New Immigrants Hart-Cellar Immigration Act of 1965 1970 – foreign-born people constituted 13%, today they constitute 14.8% 5 million U.S. children live in households in which at least 1 of the parents is unauthorized, and that 2 million of these children are themselves unauthorized.

6. Immigration Flow LegalUnauthorized

7. Types of Immigration (2009)

8. The New Immigrant Who is the transnational citizen? Transnational practices not new: - Bracero Accord (1952-1964) - Immigration Reform & Control Act of 1986

9. The Value of Language “Language is a great force of socialization…potent symbol of the social solidarity of those who speak the language” (Edward Sapir) Language influences the way we make sense of the human experience (p. 71) Language is a mechanism of intra-group communication and representation (p. 71) Language is the “cultural software” through which group members attach and intuit meaning and give shape to their practices (p. 71)

10. Language Rights & History Parental Rights & educational pluralism (Meyer v. Nebraska, Pierce v. Society of Sisters, Farrington V. Tokushige) Brown v. Board of Education Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 Bilingual Education Act of 1968 (Title VII of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act) Lau v. Nichols Lau Remedies

11. “Cultural Isolation” 20/more non- English speakers Created “deficit view” of language Bilingual Instruction

12. Language Policy Trends Civil Rights Movement Bilingual Education Act of 1968 Title I ESEA of 1965 Lau v. Nichols Globalization Era No Child Left Behind English- Only Policies Title III Language Instruction of LEP and Immigrants

13. References Salomone, R. (2010). True American: Language, identity, and the education of immigrant children. Harvard University Press. Cardenas, J. (19776). Lau Remedies Outlined. Intercultural Development Research Association, San Antonio, TX. Language Rights (Public Television excerpts) Internet Images