1. Experiments on turbulent dispersion P Tabeling, M C Jullien, P Castiglione ENS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris (France)

2. Outline 1 - Dispersion in a smooth field (Batchelor regime) 2 - Dispersion in a rough field (the inverse cascade)

3. Important theoretical results have been obtained in the fifties, sixties, (KOC theory, Batchelor regime,.. ) In the last ten years, theory has made important progress for the case of rough velocity fields essentially after the Kraichnan model (1968) was rigorously solved (in 1995 by two groups) In the meantime, the case of smooth velocity fields, called the Batchelor regime, has been solved analytically.

4. Experiments on turbulent dispersion have been performed since 1950, leading to important observations such as scalar spectra, scalar fronts,... - However, up to recent years no detailed : - Investigation of lagrangian properties, pair or multipoint statistics - Reliable measurement of high order statistics In the last years, much progress has been done

5. I B Magnet Principle of the experiment 2 fluid layers, salt and Clear water U

6. The experimental set-up 15 cm 5- 8 mm

7. Is the flow we produce this way two-dimensional ? - Stratification accurately suppresses the vertical component (measured as less than 3 percents of the horizontal component) - The velocity profile across the layer is parabolic at all times and quickly returns to this state if perturbed (the time constant has been measured to be on the order of 0.2s) - Under these circumstances, the equations governing the flow are 2D Navier Stokes equations + a linear friction term - Systematic comparison with 2D DNS brings evidence the system behaves as a two-dimensional system

8. Part 1 : DISPERSION IN A SMOOTH VELOCITY FIELD

9. FORCING USED FOR A SMOOTH VELOCITY FIELD

10. A typical (instantaneous) velocity field

11. Velocity profile for two components, along a line

12. U smooth - U can be expanded in Taylor series everywhere (almost) - The statistical statement is : (called structure function of order 2) This situation gives rise to the Batchelor regime U rough Structure functions behave as

13. A way to know whether a velocity field is smooth or rough, is to inspect the energy spectrum E(k) If  < 3 then the field is rough If  > 3 then the field is smooth This is equivalent to examining the velocity structure function, For which the boundary between rough and smooth is a=1

14. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VELOCITY FIELD (GIVING RISE TO BATCHELOR REGIME) Energy Spectrum 2D Energy spectrum

15. RELEASING THE TRACER Drop of a mixture of fluorescein delicately released on the free surface

16. Evolution of a drop after it has been released

17. CHARACTERIZING THE BATCHELOR REGIME There exists a range of time in which statistical properties are stationary

18. Turbulence deals with dissipation : something is injected at large scales and ‘ burned ’ at small scales; in between there is a self similar range of scales called « cascade » The rule holds for tracers : the dissipation is In a steady state,  is a constant

19. DISSIPATION AS A FUNCTION OF TIME 

20. TWO WORDS ON SPECTRA... The spectrum E c (k) is related to the Fourier decomposition of the field Its physical meaning can be viewed through the relation They are a bit old-fashioned but still very useful

21. SPECTRUM OF THE CONCENTRATION FIELD 2D Spectrum

22. Does the k -1 spectrum contain much information ? C=1 r C=0

23. GOING FURTHER…. HIGHER ORDER MOMENTS In turbulence, the statistics is not determined by the second order moment only (even if, from the practical viewpoint, this may be often sufficient) Higher moments are worth being considered, to test theories, and to better characterize the phenomenon.

24. A central quantity : Probability distribution function (PDF) of the increments r C1C1 C2C2 The pdf of  C r is called : P(  C r )

25. Taking the increment across a distance r amounts to apply a pass-band filter, centered on r. r CrCr

26. PDF for r = 0.9 cm PDF for r = 11 cm Two pdfs, at small and large scale

27. PDF OF THE INCREMENTS OF CONCENTRATION IN THE SELF SIMILAR RANGE

28. Structure functions The structure function of order p is the pth-moment of the pdf of the increment

29. STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS OF THE CONCENTRATION INCREMENTS

30. TO UNDERSTAND = SHOW THE OBSERVATIONS CAN BE INFERRED FROM THE DIFFUSION ADVECTION EQUATIONS The answer is essentially YES, after the work by Chertkov, Falkovitch, Kolokolov, Lebedev, Phys Rev E54,5609 (1995) - k -1 Spectrum - Exponential tails for the pdfs - Logarithmic like behaviour for the structure functions DO WE UNDERSTAND THESE OBSERVATIONS ?

31. CONCLUSION : THEORY AGREES WITH EXPERIMENT A PIECE OF UNDERSTANDING, CONFIRMED BY THE EXPERIMENT, IS OBTAINED

32. HOWEVER, THE STORY IS NOT FINISHED

33. The life of a pair of particles released in the system How two particles separate ? exponentially, according to the theory

34. Blow-up of the previous figure : the first four seconds

35. Separation (squared) for 100000 pairs LINEAR LOG-LINEAR C Jullien (2001)

36. Part 2 :DISPERSION IN THE INVERSE CASCADE

37. Reminding... We are dealing with a diffusion advection given by : Two cases : u(x,t) smooth u(x,t) rough

38. ARRANGEMENT USED FOR THE INVERSE CASCADE

39. A typical instantaneous velocity field

40. l 2l 4l  Cartoon of the inverse cascade in 2D

41. vorticity streamfunction

42. Energy spectrum for the inverse cascade Slope -5/3 injection dissipation 2D spectrum

43. Evolution of a drop released in the inverse cascade

44. Evolution of a drop in the Batchelor regime

45. How do two particles separate ?

46. Averaged squared separation with time in the inverse cascade Slope 3

47. Why the pairs do not simply diffuse ? lili Central limit theorem : the squared separation grows as t 2

48. Pairs remember about 60% of their past common life

49. Lagrangian distributions of the separations t=1s t=10 s

50. The same, but renormalized using the r.m.s

51. Pair separation of particles in turbulence - An old problem…. starting with Richardson in 1926 - Tackled by him, Batchelor, Obukhov, Kraichnan,… - Several predictions for pair distributions - Essentially no reliable data for a long time - Accurate data obtained only a few years ago - Surprisingly close to Kraichnan model prediction

52. How do triangles evolve in the turbulent field ? P Castiglione (2001)

53. How to characterize triangles ? r1r1 r2r2 r3r3 Introduce Define the area : Introduce shape parameters :

54. 0  /12  /6  w 0 1 Different configurations mapped by w, 

55. Distribution of the shape parameters of 100000 triangles released in the flow P Castiglione

56. Coming back to the dispersion of a blob

57. 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 05101520253035  t (s) A «QUASI-STEADY » STATE CAN BE DEFINED

58. Spectrum of the concentration field Slope -5/3 2D Spectrum Spectrum

59. Is the k -5/3 spectrum a big surprise ? It was given in the fifties by Kolmogorov Corrsin Obukhov, giving rise to the KOC theory It has been observed by a number of investigators, during the last four decades, in 3D

60. PDF of the concentration increments in the inertial range r=7cm r=1cm

61. Structure functions of the concentration field S n (r)

62. Exponents of the structure functions The exponents tend to saturate

63. About the saturation - Remarkable phenomenon, discovered a few years ago - One conjectures it is a universal phenomenon - It is linked to the presence of fronts - It is linked to the clusterization of particles C=1 C=0 r =Nr 0

64. DO WE UNDERSTAND THE OBSERVATIONS ? Kraichnan model provides a framework for interpreting most of the observations, i.e : - Existence of deviations from KOC theory - Saturation of the exponents - Presence of fronts - Clusterization of triads - Form of the distributions of pairs

65. CONCLUSION Progress has been made, leading to new theories whose relevance to the « real world » has been shown These theories explain a set of properties which constrain the concentration field High order moments, multipoint statistics is no more a terra incognita, and we might encourage investigators to more systematically consider these quantities so as to better characterize their system.