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Arifa Lodhi and Badar Ghauri Pakistan Space And Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPPARCO), P. O. Box 8402, University Road, Karachi-75270, Pakistan.

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Presentation on theme: "Arifa Lodhi and Badar Ghauri Pakistan Space And Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPPARCO), P. O. Box 8402, University Road, Karachi-75270, Pakistan."— Presentation transcript:

1 Arifa Lodhi and Badar Ghauri Pakistan Space And Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPPARCO), P. O. Box 8402, University Road, Karachi-75270, Pakistan AEROSOL ANALYSIS AND SOURCE APPORTIONMENT IN URBAN AREA, LAHORE PAKISTAN

2 Presentation Overview Air Quality Monitoring Results of four winter studies (1999, 2000, 2001, 2005) Source Apportionment-Application of SO 4 2- /Se Tracer technique, Statistics analysis, Factor analysis Local and distant source identification Future plans

3 Sampling Location Aerosol Samples were collected at Lahore, which is the capital of Punjab and the second largest city in Pakistan with a population of 7 million. Sampling Details Aerosol Sampling (PM2.5) was carried out during last few winters on following Dates: 1. January 1-5 1999 2. December 25-31, 1999 and January 1-8, 2000 3. January 9-11 2001 sampling interval was 5 min. 4. Nov. 21 2005 to Dec. 9, 2005 During winter, northeastern Pakistan is under the influence of a high-pressure system resulting in dry weather and low wind speeds. These conditions are ideal for accumulation of pollutants in the atmosphere. SUPARCO OFFICE WaghaBhati Gate Lhr. Cantt Township

4 METHODOLOGY (i)The samples were collected on 47-mm Zelfluor (Teflon) filters using Millipore Swinex holder trains. (ii)Thermo Electron Corporation RAAS PM2.5 Aerosol Sampler (iii) Black Carbon/Elemental Carbon and Organic Carbon Magee Scientific Model AE21 Aethalometer Analysis Carried out for following parameters (Wadsworth Center, NY State Department of Health) a)Anions & Cations (Ion Chromatograph) b)Trace and Toxic metal (ICP-MS)

5 Mean Concentration and Range of Trace Species STUDY 1 January 1-5 1999 S.No.SpeciesMeanMaxMin 1 SO 4 2- 50.2998.9017.50 2 NO 3 - 37.0365.5022.80 3 Cr19.0028.205.70 4Sc1.342.300.10 5Fe 4944.678767535 6 Zn1253.563892301 7Se7.7411.705.10 8 As13.1325.306.80 9 Sb19.0761.904.80 Concentrations of SO 4 2-, NO 3-, are in µg/m 3, other in ng/m 3.

6 S.No.SpeciesMeanMaxMin 1 SO 4 2- a 43.2141.33.78 2 NO 3 - a 31.774.53.1 3 SO 2 a 21.268.50.83 4 Se26.1257.60.73 5 As10.625.971.94 6 Sb13.184.80.69 7 Cu843.9530529.4 8 Zn22007796111.5 9 Pb846478631.1 10 Al13391543511004 11 Fe817624197741.8 12 Ca8696308111312 13 Mg10784409101 14 Cr22.167.61.44 15 Mn177.1503.916 Co3.339.530.28 17 Ni16.555.61.53 a Concentrations of SO 4 2-, NO 3-, and SO 2 are in µg/m 3, other in ng/m 3. STUDY 2 25 December 1999 to 8 th January 2000 Mean Concentration and Range of Trace Species the two sampling time intervals of 6 hour periods from 0800 to 1400 and 1400 to 2000 hours followed by a 12 hour over night period from 2000 to 0800 hours.

7 Date (2001) Time zone Mean SO 2- 4 (µg/m3 ) Se conc. (ng/m 3 ) January 9 08:00-10:0019.023.55 12:00-13:1517.322.05 January 10 00:00-02:0018.643.46 08:00-10:0010.633.4 12:00-13:0027.844.02 January 11 00:00-01:0013.90.95 08:00-09:458.81.87 Summary of 5-min aerosol measurements at Lahore, Pakistan, during January 2001

8 Concentration (µg/m 3 ) of black carbon at Lahore Date (2005) Min.BC Max. BC Avg. BC Nov 211.646.114.3 Nov 22654.418.2 Nov 233.752.815.8 Nov 244.438.316.5 Nov 253.255.212.1 Nov 264.758.821.2

9 Nov 2711.44521.4 Nov 284.852.414.3 Nov 291.540.410.8 Nov 301.734.712 Dec 012.157.920.9 Dec 023.168.726.3 Dec 032.256.721.4 Dec 043.351.419.5 Dec 053.157.615.9 Dec 062.176.320.7 Concentration (µg/m 3 ) of black carbon at Lahore

10 STUDY 4 Nov. 21 2005 to Dec. 9, 2005 Time series showing filter mass and BC Concentrations in Lahore, Pakistan

11 CITYYEARBLACK CARBON Kanpur, India (Tripathi et al) 200512.3 Five cities of Bangladesh (Salam et al) 200310.1 to 41.3 (EC) Beijing, China (He at al) 2001 and 20048.1 (EC) Measurement of EC in other cities in China by various groups. 2003, 2005, 20064.7 to 11.8 (EC) Mumbai, India (Venkataraman) 200212.5 (EC) Dhaka200122 Lahore200521.7 New York2002<2 London19952.3 Concentrations (ug/m3) of Black Carbon/Elemental Carbon in Metropolitan Areas

12 STUDY 1 January 1-5 1999 SOURCE EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL SPECIES Application of Tracer technique STUDY 2 25 December 1999 to 8 th January 2000 Concentrations in ug/m 3 of SO 4 2-, NO 3 -, Se, As, and Sb in 12 hour samples at Lahore, Pakistan.

13 Five-min aerosol concentrations of (a) SO 4 -2 (nmoles/m3) and (b) Se (pmoles/m3) at Lahore, Pakistan on January 9, 2001. The inverted solid triangles in (b) represents the detection limit for Se is approx. 20(pmoles/m3). The SO 4 -2 /Se ratios are shown in (c). (L. Husain et al 2004 ) STUDY 3 January 9-11 2001 In January 2001 the sampling interval was 5 min.

14 Sulfate was good correlated with Se and not with any element indicating their common source, most likely coal combustion The SO4/Se ratios vary from ~1800 to 10,000 with a mean of 4070 are in the range typically observed at sites in the US and indicative of substantial contributions to sulfate concentration due to the oxidation of SO 2. The sulphate/Se ratio were suggestive of longe-range transport from several hundred kms Application of Tracer technique

15 STUDY 1 January 1-5 1999 S.No.Species Factor 123 1Fe0.976 2Sc0.973 3Cr0.966 4Sb0.985 5As0.898 6Zn0.870 7SO 4 2- 0.876 8Se0.875 9NO 3 - -0.6030.701 Rotated Factor Analysis of Aerosol Data Factor loadings less than 0.4 have been omitted. Statistics analysis

16 S.No.Species1234 1 Al0.980 2 Mg0.977 3 Fe0.967 4 Co0.963 5 Cr0.952 6 Mn0.935 7 Ca0.923 8 Ni0.6950.573 9 As0.5220.5900.414 10 Pb0.965 11 Sb0.8280.477 12 Zn0.661 13 SO 4 2- 0.958 14 NO 3 - 0.841 15 Se0.951 16 Cu0.4690.470 Rotated Factor Analysis of Aerosol Data Factor loadings less than 0.4 have been omitted STUDY 2 25 December 1999 to 8 th January 2000

17 ElementCrustal concentration (ppm) Aerosol concentration (ng/m 3 ) EF a R2R2 Al813001339211 Fe5000081760.990.940 Ca3630086961.450.819 Mn950177.11.130.895 Cr10022.11.340.90 Ni7516.51.330.91 Co253.330.810.927 Zn702333202.30.096 Cu55843.993.20.253 Pb138463950.020 Se0.0520.624980.011 As1.810.836.50.388 Sb0.213.34050.015 Crustal Enrichment Factors of Trace Elements a Enrichment factor =(Xair/Alair)(Xcrust/Alcrust) STUDY 2 25 December 1999 to 8 th January 2000

18 Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX):

19 The high levels of pollutants especially aerosol sulfate concentration were observed may be due to local sources and extensive coal utilization of coal in Indian power plants. The high levels of pollutants especially aerosol sulfate concentration were observed may be due to local sources and extensive coal utilization of coal in Indian power plants. The high level of BC may be due local activities such as frequent garbage burning, diesel combustion, sugar mill and bick kilin activities around the city. The high level of BC may be due local activities such as frequent garbage burning, diesel combustion, sugar mill and bick kilin activities around the city. A detailed scientific investigation of aerosol chemistry has been initiated at multiple sites in Lahore A detailed scientific investigation of aerosol chemistry has been initiated at multiple sites in Lahore The control measures are required to be placed because of potential threat to the inhabitants of the region where millions of people live. The control measures are required to be placed because of potential threat to the inhabitants of the region where millions of people live. Conclusion and Future plans

20 THANK YOU

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