1. 1 World Cities, urban strategies- responses to global environments Lecture 8 David Litteljohn Events in a Globalising World, 2008-09

2. 2 Aims 1.To look more closely at the notion of world cities 2.To understand the dynamics of cities in a globalised environment 3.To relate the above to the Event and tourism policy at local levels

3. 3 References and further reading Short, J R and Kim, Y-H, 1999, Globalization and the City, Pearson, Chapter 4 and 7 Neal, Z., 2008, The duality of world cities and forms: comparing hierarchies, networks ….., Global Networks, 8 (1), pp 94-115 Euromonitor, Top 150 City Destinations: London Leads the Way11 October 2007 http://athens.portal.euromonitor.com/portal/server.pt?control=SetCommunity&CommunityI D=209&PageID=724&cached=false&space=CommunityPage Law, Christopher M., (1993) "Organization and funding" from Law, Christopher M., Urban tourism pp.143-153, Mansell Publishing Limited. http://www.gcal.ac.uk/library/digitisation_archive/08_09/MLLSM04/MLLS M04_64772.pdf http://www.gcal.ac.uk/library/digitisation_archive/08_09/MLLSM04/MLLS M04_64772.pdf See http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/publicat.html for some interesting research articles http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/publicat.html

4. Page, Stephen J. and Hall, C. Michael, (2003) "Visitors in cities: activities and attractions" from Page, Stephen J. and Hall, C. Michael, Managing Urban Tourism, Chapter 5, pp.147- 189, Harlow, Pearson Education Limited http://www.gcal.ac.uk/library/digitisation_arc hive/08_09/MLLSM04/MLLSM04_64961.pdf 4

5. 5 Setting the Events City Race! Events – Olympics and others – World Fairs/Expos – European Cities of Culture – MICE including award ceremonies (e.g MTV) – Competitive Touring Exhibitions World city hierarchies – Size, power and function – Centres and peripheries – City networks

6. 6 Much work on cities reiterates the obvious …… Tokyo New York London etc

7. 7

8. 8 Current social & cultural dimensions in ‘World City’ planning Requirements – Knowing, understanding, innovating are important here – Are these generic or are do they relate to specific contexts? Outcomes – Social and economic winners and losers Anholt City Brands Index Website http://www.citybrandsindex.com/

9. 9 Global Cities - by Industry Cluster: e.g. Media Krätke, Stefan (2003) Global Media Cities in a World-wide Urban Network, European Planning Studies, 11:6, 605 - 628

10. Global Cities - by Industry Cluster: e.g. Support Business As quoted in Chris Chase-Dunn, Alexis Alvarez, Andrew Jorgenson, Richard Niemeyer, Daniel Pasciuti and John Week, 2006, Global City Networks in World Historical Perspective: http://www.irows.ucr.edu/papers/irows28/irows28.htm 10

11. 11 City destinations - Tourism Clusters? Euromonitor, Top 150 City Destinations: London Leads the Way, 11 October 2007

12. Purpose of visit in 35 European Cities Business and Professional – 46% Leisure, recreation and holidays – 27% Visiting friends and relations – 8% Health treatment – 2% Other – 18% (Source, Wober, 1997, as in Page & Hall, p 143) 12

13. Aspects of city tourism Arts and culture (e.g. Berlin) The nightlife city (e.g. Las Vegas, Dublin, Glasgow) The shopping city (Dubai, ) The sporting city (event specific but also ‘specialised’ e.g. Manchester, Grand Prix and other circuits, capital cities) The Business City (Las Vegas conventions) Business city 13

14. Cultural Capital? Multi-function Global Political Former Ex-imperial Province/state capitals Super capitals 14

15. 15 Business Travel markets? It must be business class! Witlox, F, Derudder, B, Faulconbridge J and Beaverstock J (2007) Airline business travel flows in the global space economy. quantitative and qualitative approaches to analysis. Paper presented at the Association of American Geographers Annual Meeting, San Francisco, 17 th -21 st April, as quoted in J.R. Faulconbridge and J.V. Beaverstock, 2007, Geographies of International Business Travel in the Professional Service Economy accessed at http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb252.html

16. 16 Top Meeting destinations

17. 17 Integrating city functions in globalising world City representation now integrative and proactive Greater integration of events and tourism in the local economic and social planning functions and city marketing

18. 18 Adapted from Law, CM, 1996, Urban Tourism Attracting Visitors to large Cities, Mansell, London Urban Tourism - strategy means integration

19. Times Square, New York By 1970s initial buzz fading Private and public sector (city and state development) project Mixed office and entertainment plan – only partly successful Time(s) and anchors/ springboard attractions needed 19

20. Carnival The development of an event Globalisation influences in the 1940s – USA/Disney and the search for new markets: see http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_mQHr8bAojUDe velopment from the 1960s to the mid 1980s http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_mQHr8bAojUDe velopment Current Carnaval – 2002 at the Sambadromo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TNcf-sG9xiI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TNcf-sG9xiI – 2007 - Bloco Boitatá http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPBDdlOTrr4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPBDdlOTrr4 20

21. SAMBADROMO, RIO 21

22. Manques, 2006, A revitalizacao do carnival da rua do Rio, Jovem Museologica Origins of carnival – Religious – Political (master/salve) – Public space Mid-late 1800s – Middle-classes and private space (venetian masques) Early 1900s – 1930 – From white to black? By late 1930 being used by President Getulio Vargas to create Brazilian identity (through radio) Spread to all sectors of Society 1960s-1970s concentration/spectacle/ exclusivity 1990s – flowering? Neighbourhoods as well as spectacle 22