1. The Outside Interests of the Cultural Elite Dave Griffiths University Of Manchester/CRESC

2. Elite studies History of the social elite largely history of their financial structures History of the social elite largely history of their financial structures Elite controls more than economic climate Elite controls more than economic climate Similar groups sitting in all top public positions Similar groups sitting in all top public positions Cultural positions are hives of elite activity Cultural positions are hives of elite activity Influence of cultural producers places them at centre of bourgeois power Influence of cultural producers places them at centre of bourgeois power

3. Types of capital Social Capital – associations and networks with individuals and institutions Social Capital – associations and networks with individuals and institutions Cultural Capital – knowledge of cultural practices and norms Cultural Capital – knowledge of cultural practices and norms Economic Capital – ownership of cash, property or other economical position Economic Capital – ownership of cash, property or other economical position Symbolic Capital – reputation, skills and expertise respected by others Symbolic Capital – reputation, skills and expertise respected by others

4. Cultural capital Different capitals unlock different doors Different capitals unlock different doors Cultural capital is difficult to attain Cultural capital is difficult to attain US emerging elites buy positions on cultural boards to gain cultural capital (Ostrower: 1995) US emerging elites buy positions on cultural boards to gain cultural capital (Ostrower: 1995) In the UK, cultural boards are public boards, so acceptance cannot be bought In the UK, cultural boards are public boards, so acceptance cannot be bought

5. Dataset Department of Media, Culture and Sport (DCMS) executive quangos Department of Media, Culture and Sport (DCMS) executive quangos 45 agencies employing 15,000 individuals and spending £1.2 billion a year (2005/06) 45 agencies employing 15,000 individuals and spending £1.2 billion a year (2005/06) Address all forms of UK culture from museums and galleries, regional cultural agencies, public access to literature and music, sports, films, architecture and heritage – even drinking and gambling Address all forms of UK culture from museums and galleries, regional cultural agencies, public access to literature and music, sports, films, architecture and heritage – even drinking and gambling

6. Museums (London based) British Library; British Museum; Geffrye Museum; Horniman Museum; Imperial War Museum; Museum of London; National Gallery London; National Maritime Museum; National Museum of Science and Industry; National Portrait Gallery; Natural History Museum; Sir John Soane’s Museum; Tate; Victoria and Albert Museum; Wallace Collection National boards Alcohol Education and Research Council; Arts Council England; Big Lottery Fund; Churches Conservation Trust; Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment; English Heritage; Football Licensing Authority; Gambling Commission; Heritage Lottery Fund; Horseracing Betting Levy Board; Museums, Libraries and Archives Commission; National Endowment of Science, Technology and the Arts; National Lottery Commission; Olympic Lottery Distributor; Public Lending Right; Sport England; UK Film Council; UK Sport; VisitBritain Regionalbodies Culture East Midlands; Culture North East; Culture North West; Culture South East; Culture South West; Culture West Midlands; Living East; Museum of Science and Industry Manchester; National Museums Liverpool; Royal Armouries; Yorkshire Culture

7. Sample 767 individuals 767 individuals 63% male, average age 58 63% male, average age 58 Over 11,000 pieces of information Over 11,000 pieces of information Collected from April 2006 to January 2007 Collected from April 2006 to January 2007 Press releases, websites, annual reports, registers of members’ interests, Who’s Who, Debrett’s People of Today …

8. DCMS network

9. Charities network

10. Private member clubs

11. Quango directorships

12. Embeddedness values Closeness Centrality (how many steps a board is from all others) multiplied by Betweenness Centrality (how many other shortest paths pass through it) Produces an embeddedness value of between 0 and 1. These values have been averaged out for each type of quango, and multiplied by 1,000 for display purposes. Outliers, or those with no betweenness, have a value of 0.

13. AverageLondonUK-wideRegional Quango advisor 19.0312.2832.965.18 Educational links 11.3415.8510.939.61 School attended 10.0015.776.861.22 Educational boards 9.8213.3710.451.96 Previous quangos 8.7711.5310.961.06 Honorary degrees 8.6020.267.372.54 University attended 8.1011.766.215.13 Private member clubs 7.2915.973.881.39 Charities7.2910.218.041.03 Quangos4.919.383.671.05 Employer4.596.603.235.27 DCMS Network 3.236.603.235.27 Shareholdings3.063.403.990.00 Affiliations to professional bodies 3.024.152.771.20 Social organisations 2.654.614.030.47 Boards of professional bodies 2.364.000.110.32 Corporate advisor 0.130.200.070.25 Editorial boards 0.070.110.080.00 Visiting professorships 0.050.000.000.23 Directorships0.010.020.010.00

14. AverageLondonUK-wideRegional Quango advisor 19.0312.2832.965.18 Educational links 11.3415.8510.939.61 School attended 10.0015.776.861.22 Educational boards 9.8213.3710.451.96 Previous quangos 8.7711.5310.961.06 Honorary degrees 8.6020.267.372.54 University attended 8.1011.766.215.13 Private member clubs 7.2915.973.881.39 Charities7.2910.218.041.03 Quangos4.919.383.671.05 Employer4.596.603.235.27

15. AverageLondonUK-wideRegional Quango advisor 19.0312.2832.965.18 Educational links 11.3415.8510.939.61 School attended 10.0015.776.861.22 Educational boards 9.8213.3710.451.96 Previous quangos 8.7711.5310.961.06 Honorary degrees 8.6020.267.372.54 University attended 8.1011.766.215.13 Private member clubs 7.2915.973.881.39 Charities7.2910.218.041.03 Quangos4.919.383.671.05 Employer4.596.603.235.27

16. Organisational differences Regional organisations utilise social capital to generate cultural capital Regional organisations utilise social capital to generate cultural capital National organisations utilise cultural capital to generate social capital National organisations utilise cultural capital to generate social capital London museums utilise cultural capital to generate social and cultural capital London museums utilise cultural capital to generate social and cultural capital

17. Culture West Midlands’ social capital Albion Emsemble Albion Emsemble aliss aliss Artix Arts Centre – Bromsgrove Artix Arts Centre – Bromsgrove Association of European Conservatoires Association of European Conservatoires Belmont Arts Centre – Shropshire Belmont Arts Centre – Shropshire Birmingham Arts Marketing (2) Birmingham Arts Marketing (2) Birmingham Association of Youth Clubs Birmingham Association of Youth Clubs Birmingham Conservatories Birmingham Conservatories Birmingham Educational Arts Forum Birmingham Educational Arts Forum Birmingham Hippodrome Birmingham Hippodrome Birmingham Royal Ballet Birmingham Royal Ballet Black Country Touring Black Country Touring British Double Reed Society British Double Reed Society Connexions Connexions John Fenny Charitable Trust John Fenny Charitable Trust Herefordshire Cultural Consortium Herefordshire Cultural Consortium Local Government Association Local Government Association mac (2) mac (2) Millennium Point Trust Millennium Point Trust Motionhouse Dance Theatre Motionhouse Dance Theatre Music Educational Council Music Educational Council National Association of Youth Orchestras National Association of Youth Orchestras National Trust National Trust New Victoria Theatre New Victoria Theatre Sound Futures Sound Futures Symphony Hall Birmingham Symphony Hall Birmingham Total Theatre Network Total Theatre Network Tourism West Midlands Tourism West Midlands Trans Europe Halles Trans Europe Halles Warwick Arts Centre Warwick Arts Centre West Midlands Historic Environment Forum West Midlands Historic Environment Forum West Midlands Life West Midlands Life

18. AERC’s social capital Alcohol Concern Alcohol Concern Centre for Information on Beverage Alcohol Centre for Information on Beverage Alcohol Chinese National Healthy Eating Living Centre Chinese National Healthy Eating Living Centre Diaego Foundation Diaego Foundation International Agency on Tobacco and Health International Agency on Tobacco and Health International Cochrane Collaboration International Cochrane Collaboration Royal Colleges of the Physician of the UK (Public Health Faculty) Royal Colleges of the Physician of the UK (Public Health Faculty) Motivational Interviewing Trainers International Motivational Interviewing Trainers International National Heart Forum National Heart Forum Portland Group Portland Group TACADE TACADE

19. Natural History Museum’s social capital 21 st Century Tiger 21 st Century Tiger British Ecological Society (2) British Ecological Society (2) Buckinghamshire Foundation Buckinghamshire Foundation Campaign for Science and Engineering Campaign for Science and Engineering Central & Cecil Housing Trust Central & Cecil Housing Trust Darwin Trust Darwin Trust Dolphin Square Charitable Trust Dolphin Square Charitable Trust Earth Centre Earth Centre Environmental Advice Centre Environmental Advice Centre EURISY EURISY Friends of Arundel Cricket Club Friends of Arundel Cricket Club Gardens Pension Trustees Limited Gardens Pension Trustees Limited Helmholtz Gemeinschaft – Germany Helmholtz Gemeinschaft – Germany Intellectual Property Bar Association Intellectual Property Bar Association International Fellowship Committee International Fellowship Committee Italgas Prize for Energy and Environment Italgas Prize for Energy and Environment IUCN Species Survival Commission IUCN Species Survival Commission Kennedy Memorial Fund Kennedy Memorial Fund London First London First MacMillan Trust Observatory MacMillan Trust Observatory MCC MCC National Botanical Garden of Wales National Botanical Garden of Wales New West End Company New West End Company River and Rowing Museum – Henley-on- Thames River and Rowing Museum – Henley-on- Thames Royal Albert Hall Royal Albert Hall Royal Botanical Garden – Edinburgh Royal Botanical Garden – Edinburgh Royal Sun Alliance West End Board Royal Sun Alliance West End Board Royal United Services Institute Royal United Services Institute St Andrews Prize St Andrews Prize St-Martins-in-the-Field St-Martins-in-the-Field Shaw Trust Shaw Trust UK-China 21 st Century Group UK-China 21 st Century Group Wellcome Trust Wellcome Trust West End Commission West End Commission Wildscreen Trust Wildscreen Trust Windsor Leadership Trust Windsor Leadership Trust WorkAid Ltd WorkAid Ltd

20. Conclusions Social position is important for London’s museums Social position is important for London’s museums Social positions are important for national bodies Social positions are important for national bodies Social capital is important for regional bodies Social capital is important for regional bodies National institutions are not overly ‘national’ National institutions are not overly ‘national’ Are UK museums less democratic than their US counterparts? Are UK museums less democratic than their US counterparts? david.griffiths@postgrad.manchester.ac.uk