1. Introduction to Interactive Media 04: Origins of Interactive Media and the Internet

2. Introduction to Interactive Media WHEN DID THIS ALL BEGIN?

3. Introduction to Interactive Media A new field… First interactive kiosk in 1977 World Wide Web was not invented until 1991

4. Introduction to Interactive Media Interactive Media is tied to the Internet Some interactive digital media does not run on the Internet (standalone museum kiosks, video games) This is becoming less common as Internet connectivity is more pervasive, speeds increase and applications take advantage of networking possibilities. The Internet is the NETWORK that delivers a great deal of interactive content.

5. Introduction to Interactive Media WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE INTERNET AND THE WEB?

6. Introduction to Interactive Media The Internet is not the Web. The Internet is a network and the Web is an application running on it. However, the Web did play a large role in the surge of Internet usage.

7. Introduction to Interactive Media WE ARE GETTING AHEAD OF OURSELVES…WHEN DID IT ALL BEGIN

8. Introduction to Interactive Media Alan Turing (1912-1954) “Father of the modern computer” British mathematician. “if we can think of a way to do something, the computer can do it for us.” Proposed a “Turing Machine”

9. Introduction to Interactive Media Vannevar Bush (1890 – 1974) “Father of interactive media.” Proposed the Memex, a machine that would allow a research to record “trails of interest” connecting one document to another via a series of links. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c539c K58eeshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c539c K58ees

10. Introduction to Interactive Media J.C.R. Licklider, a.k.a “Lick” A fundamental pioneer in the call for a global network Articulated ideas in 1960 paper, Man-Computer Symbiosis –“A network of such [computers], connected to one another by wide-band communication lines [which provided] the functions of present-day libraries together with anticipated advances in information storage and retrieval and [other] symbiotic functions.” – J.C.R. Licklider http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fi 97PlMeal4 (2:05 – 3:30)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fi 97PlMeal4

11. Introduction to Interactive Media Ted Nelson American philosopher and pioneer of Internet technology. Described a system “Project Xanadu” in 1974 – very much like the WWW. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9vmZTQloseo &feature=relmfu (6:32 – 7:07)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9vmZTQloseo &feature=relmfu http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QYn64fIbtiU& feature=plcp (7:55 – 8:43)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QYn64fIbtiU& feature=plcp

12. Introduction to Interactive Media THESE WERE ALL THEORISTS – WHO ACTUALLY BUILT THE INTERNET?

13. Introduction to Interactive Media In the 1960s mainframe computers were only used at research institutions and government. Big, expensive and couldn’t do much. “Timesharing” was required – people shared time on the computer system. The Internet began in the 60s

14. Introduction to Interactive Media Invention of the Internet Started as a government project funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects (DARPA) Bob Taylor worked for DARPA at the Pentagon and secured the funds Motivation was to connect computers at research universities to be able to share time on each other’s computers. Called it the ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fi97PlMeal4 (3:30 – 5:25, 6:45 – 7:07)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fi97PlMeal4

15. Introduction to Interactive Media U.S. Gov put out a RFP (request for proposals) to build the Arpanet. BBN (Boston, MA based company) won the contract “We could build it buy why would you want it?” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6DGbEFJnRo&fe ature=relmfu (2:46 – 4:26)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6DGbEFJnRo&fe ature=relmfu Government had the money… but who would build it?

16. Introduction to Interactive Media How did it work? First two computers networked were UCLA and Stanford. They did this by sending data across telephone lines. Data was sent in packets using a technique called “packet switching”. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6DGbEFJnRo&fe ature=relmfu (4:55 -9:16)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6DGbEFJnRo&fe ature=relmfu

17. Introduction to Interactive Media Internet Built… But Not Used Universities connected… but very little usage. Hard to work on other people’s systems (different types of computers, OS, applications, etc…)

18. Introduction to Interactive Media Email: the killer app Email invented by a BB&N employee named Ray Tomlinson. –“just a hack” What happened to Internet traffic? The Internet began to thrive when it realized it’s potential as a communication medium. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJYcdmw27do&fe ature=relmfu (6:31 – 8:33)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJYcdmw27do&fe ature=relmfu

19. Introduction to Interactive Media WHEN DID REGULAR PEOPLE GET TO USE THE INTERNET?

20. Introduction to Interactive Media Networks Needed to Be Connected After the ARPANET was started – other networks sprouted up. Protocols needed to be established to allow computers on different networks to communicate with one another. Solution: TCP/IP http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJYcdmw27do&fe ature=relmfu (4:06 – 6:34)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJYcdmw27do&fe ature=relmfu

21. Introduction to Interactive Media 1980s – Personal Computer In the 1980s - Internet usage was limited. First personal computers started emerging in the late 1970s. Modems commercially available. Command line interface was difficult to use.

22. Introduction to Interactive Media WHY DID THE PERSONAL COMPUTER BECOME MORE POPULAR IN THE 1980S?

23. Introduction to Interactive Media Invention of GUI Operating a computer with a graphical user interface (GUI) was much easier because all the user had to do was point and click and not memorize a bunch of commands. Command line interfaceGUI interface

24. Introduction to Interactive Media GUI invented at Xerox PARC Xerox PARC was a research arm of Xerox Corp. Mouse invented by Douglas Englebart at Xerox PARC in 1967. –Englebart was inspired by Vannevar Bush Englebart never received royalties for his invention.

25. Introduction to Interactive Media Xerox PARC did not Sell Tech Steve Jobs licensed the GUI / Mouse technology from Xerox PARC (for $40,000) Not the only time Xerox PARC failed to capitalize on inventions.

26. Introduction to Interactive Media Apple: an OS with a GUI Apple LISA – 1983 - 1 st computer with GUI (did not sell well) Apple’s Macintosh introduced in 1984. –Had a Graphical User interface (GUI) and a “mouse.” A GUI OS made computers much easier to use because instead of having to know the commands to run a program, the user could simply click on what they wanted. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-nz8WD6v- Jg&feature=fvsthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-nz8WD6v- Jg&feature=fvst

27. Introduction to Interactive Media Microsoft embraces a GUI OS Success of the Macintosh prompted Microsoft to introduce “Windows” a GUI OS for PCs.

28. Introduction to Interactive Media Innovations in Networking Helped Grow the Internet The ability to network computers together to share resources also spurred on the growth of the Internet. –LANS – local area networks –WANS – wide area networks

29. Introduction to Interactive Media LANs: Hardware Hardware –The Ethernet standard for networking was another technology invented at Xerox PARC – but taken by it’s creator (Bob Metcalf) and launched via a new company (3COM). –http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tNAOuscNwf0&f eature=relmfu (4:30 – 7:00)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tNAOuscNwf0&f eature=relmfu

30. Introduction to Interactive Media LANs: Software Software –Microsoft was left in the dust by Novell in the development of LAN software. –Motivated tried to buy Novell then partner with 3COM and develop Microsoft OS2 LAN Manager –http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ENOjfjUVYQw& feature=relmfu (1:06 – 5:58)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ENOjfjUVYQw& feature=relmfu –http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XaCFHuVZAU0 &feature=relmfu (:35 - 5:08)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XaCFHuVZAU0 &feature=relmfu

31. Introduction to Interactive Media WANs How do you network different networks together? Hardware needed to be developed: bridges and routers Created by Len and Sandy Bosack (Stanford professors) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FOldgIq3GXo&feat ure=relmfu (45:21 – 50:25)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FOldgIq3GXo&feat ure=relmfu

32. Introduction to Interactive Media WHY DID THE INTERNET EXPERIENCE EXPLOSIVE GROWTH IN THE 1990S?

33. Introduction to Interactive Media Internet Growth in the 1990s Greater availability of personal computers Personal computers easier to use Better modem technology Biggest Factor: Invention of WWW

34. Introduction to Interactive Media WWW Invented in 1991 WWW invented by Tim Berners Lee at the CERN Lab in Switzerland. He was trying to devise a way that researchers could publish their findings, make the immediately available for other people to view and easily publish/update information. He created the first browser. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSypwSiAJSw&fea ture=relmfu (3:54 – 6:29)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSypwSiAJSw&fea ture=relmfu

35. Introduction to Interactive Media The dot.com boom In 1995 congress repealed the law the prohibited buying and selling over the Internet. As a result, in the late 1990s we saw an explosion of ecommerce sites emerge. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSyp wSiAJSw&feature=relmfu (11:15 – 12:29)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSyp wSiAJSw&feature=relmfu

36. Introduction to Interactive Media WWW like the Macintosh? The growth of internet usage after the introduction of the WWW is analogous to the growth in popularity of the Apple Macintosh A GUI made both the personal computer and the Internet much easier to use. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSypwSiAJSw&fea ture=relmfu (12:32 – 13:13)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSypwSiAJSw&fea ture=relmfu

37. Introduction to Interactive Media Invention of Browser Marc Andresen, a U. of Illinois college student invented a browser on his own (called Mosaic). It became very popular. (became Netscape). http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSypwSiAJSw&fea ture=relmfu (13:13 -18:44)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSypwSiAJSw&fea ture=relmfu

38. Introduction to Interactive Media Netscape vs. Internet Explorer Microsoft wanted to capture some of the business that Netscape was cornering with their browser. Microsoft introduces Internet Explorer and gives it away with their operating system. This hurt Netscape’s bottom line. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSypwSiAJSw&fea ture=relmfu (49:52 - 54:13)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSypwSiAJSw&fea ture=relmfu

39. Introduction to Interactive Media HOW HAS INTERACTIVE DIGITAL MEDIA EVOLVED IN THE 2000S AND BEYOND?

40. Introduction to Interactive Media Adaptive Web Sites Web sites became less static and more dynamic – adapting to the user.

41. Introduction to Interactive Media Content Management Systems Web site owners want ability to manage their own content. Different content management systems emerge. –Adobe Contribute (software) –CMS architectures Wordpress, Joomla, Drupal Custom solutions

42. Introduction to Interactive Media Web 2.0 Signifies a new way we are using the Web Collaborative systems: blogs, wikis, on- line reviews, etc… Everyone is becoming increasingly more of a content creator.

43. Introduction to Interactive Media Birth of Social Media MySpace founded in 2003. Wordpress founded in 2003. Facebook founded in 2004. Twitter founded in 2006.

44. Introduction to Interactive Media New Hardware for Experiencing Web 2001 - 1 st Smartphone: Palm Kyocera 6035. 2000s – Microsoft Tablet PC – not successful 2010 – Birth of iPad. Emergence of smartphones and tablets create new challenges for web developers.

45. Introduction to Interactive Media WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET?