1. Building Code of Australia Training Program MODULE THREE Understanding Energy Efficiency Provisions for Class 1 and 10 Buildings

2. Content of Module 3 Introduction to Module 3 Background to Energy Efficiency Provisions Principles of Energy Efficiency General Scope of Building Code of Australia Provisions Performance Requirements Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions Alternative Solutions Verification Methods Administrative Matters Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

3. Introduction to Module 3 This training module is one of a series produced by the Australian Building Codes Board; the organisation responsible for the development and maintenance of the Building Code of Australia (BCA) For the purposes of this presentation it is assumed that participants have a general understanding of the content of ABCB training Modules 1 and 2 Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

4. Recap on Module 1 Module 1 was titled; An Introduction to the Building Code of Australia The object of Module 1 was to provide information on:  the background to the development of the BCA  the operation of the BCA, and  the application of the BCA Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

5. The Building Code of Australia The BCA establishes minimum standards for new building work The BCA:  is referenced in State /Territory law – see next slide  is amended annually  requirements are intended to be cost effective  is intended to eliminate poor practice  does not address best practice Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

6. STATE & TERRITORY BUILDING ACTS STATE & TERRITORY BUILDING REGULATIONS TECHNICAL STANDARDS ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS Administration Appeals Registrations Refurbishments Building standard Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

7. Presentation of the BCA The BCA is presented in two Volumes A reason for this is to correlate with the historic operation of the building industry In general, industry tends to work in either the housing sector or the commercial sector, although some large companies work in both sectors The BCA endeavours to follow this division Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

8. BCA Volumes One and Two Volume One contains requirements for the design and construction of commercial buildings; i.e. Class 2 to 9 buildings, plus some Class 10 matters Volume Two contains requirements for the design and construction of domestic buildings; i.e. Class 1 and 10 buildings, plus some Class 10 structures Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

9. Volumes One and Two Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

10. Recap on Module 2 Module 2 was titled; Understanding the BCA’s Performance Requirements The object of Module 2 was to provide information on how to comply with the BCA without using Deemed-to- Satisfy Provisions – i.e. by developing an Alternative Solution Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

11. Building Solutions Performance Requirement Functional Statement Objective Alternative Solutions DTS Provisions Guidance Mandatory Methods of achieving compliance Documentary Evidence Verification Methods Expert Judgement Comparative Analysis Assessment Methods Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

12. Objective of Module 3 The objective of Module 3 is to provide basic information on BCA energy efficiency provisions relating to Class 1, as well as Class 10 buildings with a conditioned space Information is also available in ABCB publication; Enhanced Energy Efficiency Housing Provisions for BCA 2006 Volume Two http://www.abcb.gov.au/documents/energy/Handbook_vol2.pdf Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

13. BCA Energy Efficiency BCA requirements reduce the use of energy from electricity, gas, oil, or other fuels used in buildings for:  heating  cooling  ventilation  hot water (heating and sanitary)  other domestic services Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

14. BCA Requirements The BCA only addresses energy used by a building's services to operate Does not include energy (i.e. embodied energy) used in manufacturing building materials or construction of a building Does not include portable appliances within a building such as computers or fridges Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

15. Background BCA Requirements Alternative Solutions Module 3 Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

16. Background to BCA Energy Efficiency Provisions

17. General background Over the past decade international awareness of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and their influence on global warming has grown significantly GHG is a natural part of the Earth’s atmosphere that capture the Sun’s warmth to keep Earth’s surface temperature at a life supporting level Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

18. General background Increased concentrations of GHG will cause variations to our climate that will differ between geographic regions Changes may occur to temperatures, rainfall, wind speed, vegetation and animal life GHG emissions are increasing due to human activities such as land clearing and burning fossil fuel (e.g. coal and oil) Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

19. National background 1997 - Prime Minister issued a statement on Australia’s response to global warming that included measures to reduce energy consumption in buildings The building sector was not the largest contributor to national GHG emissions -although it contributed 27% of energy related GHG emissions and was the fastest growing source Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

20. National background Late 1990’s - governments considered the need for new buildings to operate in an energy efficient manner It was apparent that market forces had not addressed the issue effectively so there was a need for regulatory reform Industry generally supported the need to eliminate worst practice in building design Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

21. National background 2000 – Agreement by the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) to introduce energy efficiency regulations for domestic and commercial buildings 2001 – In response, the Australian Greenhouse Office (AGO) and the ABCB enter into an agreement to develop energy efficiency provisions and introduce these through the BCA Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

22. National background 2001- 2002 - Energy efficiency provisions developed for housing January 2003 - BCA Volume Two introduced 4 star energy efficiency provisions in climate zones 4 to 8 and 3.5 star in climate zones 1 to 3 for housing and associated buildings Some States/Territories had existing provisions in place and did not adopt new BCA requirements Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

23. National background BCA 2005  introduced the same stars level energy efficiency requirements for Class 2 and 3 buildings and Class 4 parts BCA 2006  introduced requirements for Class 5 to 9 buildings, plus  enhanced requirements from 3.5 / 4 to 5 star for Class 1 and nominated Class 10a buildings Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

24. What is a star rating? A star rating is a quantified benchmark used to describe the energy efficiency performance of a building based on a comparative annual energy load The term is used in one of the BCA Verification Methods and is derived from computer software packages; Firstrate, AccuRate, NatHERS and BERS Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

25. Initial Draft Provisions Developed through stakeholder committees, specialist working groups and specialist consultants Proposals were refined through industry and community consultation Draft provisions subjected to formal Regulation Document process and Regulatory Impact Statement process Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

26. Regulatory Impact Statement Under 2006 IGA ABCB must only propose new regulation as a final option All proposals for change to BCA must be subjected to rigorous regulatory impact assessment process that includes cost benefit analysis A positive cost benefit outcome must be demonstrated Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

27. Environmental and Cost Benefits 2003 Class 1 & 10 buildings 2005 Class 2 to 4 buildings 2006 Class 5 to 9 buildings 2006 Class 1 & 10 buildings Benefit to cost ratio Annual CO 2e reduction in 2010 1.6 : 1 380,000 tonne 1.7 : 1 24,000 tonne 4.6 : 1 1,200,000 tonne 1.3 : 1 88,000 tonne Energy Efficiency Provisions Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

28. Three Stage Process Using a three stage process the ABCB has now introduced energy efficiency requirements for all classification of buildings 2003 - Class 1 & 10 (4 star / 3.5 star) 2005 - Class 2 to 4 (4 star/ 3.5 star) 2006 - Class 5 to 9; plus - Class 1 & 10 (5 star) Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

29. Adoption of Provisions 2003 Class 1 & 10 No 1 Yes 2005 Class 2 to 4 Yes 2006 Class 5 to 9 Yes 2006 Class 1 & 10 Yes VICACT NoYes Yes 2 Yes No Yes No NSWTASQLDNTSAWA 1 = Existing higher standard 2 = Class 3 buildings only Energy Efficiency Provisions Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

30. Voluntary best practice The AGO also developed a Voluntary Building Industry Initiatives Program - aimed at assisting designers to go beyond the minimum requirements of the BCA The Program promotes best practice rather than BCA minimum requirements Information on this Program can be found at: http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/buildings/practices.html http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/buildings/practices.html Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

31. Principles of Energy Efficiency

32. Objective of BCA Provisions The objective of the BCA energy efficiency provisions is to reduce GHG emissions by reducing operational energy use of new buildings without reducing comfort and amenity BCA requirements primarily address:  heat flow - in and out of a building through the building envelope, and  domestic services - that use energy e.g. air- conditioning and hot water Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

33. Definition of Envelope Envelope, for the purposes of Part 2.6 and Part 3.12, means the parts of a building’s fabric that separate artificially heated or cooled spaces from – (a) the exterior of the building; or (b) other spaces that are not artificially heated or cooled Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

34. Definition of Domestic Services Domestic services means the basic engineering systems of a house that use energy or control the use of energy; and (a) includes heating, air-conditioning, mechanical ventilation and hot water systems; but (b) excludes cooking facilities and portable appliances. Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

35. Principles of Energy Efficiency The efficient performance of the building envelope plus the building's domestic services results in reduced –  demand for a service, i.e. in a moderate climate zone,  size of a service,  operating time of a service, and  energy consumption of a service. Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

36. Application of Energy Efficiency requirements Not all of Australia has the same climate so the BCA DTS provisions applies its requirements across eight (8) climate zones Climate zone 1 is hot and humid while climate zone 8 is cold A map of the location of climate zones is provided as Figure 1.1.4 – see next slide Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

37. Climate Zone Map Figure 1.1.4 Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

38. Climate Zone Map An enlargeable form of the map can be found on the ABCB website at: http://www.abcb.gov.au Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

39. Application of Requirements The primary intent of the BCA provisions is to reduce energy required for cooling services in warmer climate zones and heating services in cooler climate zones The extent of specific requirements will generally vary depending on the use of the building and the climate zone in which it is located Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

40. Achieving Energy Efficiency Insulating or shading the building fabric Controlling heat flow through glazing Reducing air leakage via building fabric Creating internal air movement for cooling Improving the efficiency of heating, cooling and hot water systems Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

41. General Scope of BCA Provisions

42. Sections of Volume Two The application of the energy efficiency provisions is governed by the content of Sections 1 and 2 of Volume Two Section 1 – General Provisions – presents the "general rules" by which the BCA provisions are applied Section 2 – Performance Requirements – presents the mandatory requirements of the BCA and the Verification Methods Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

43. Sections of Volume Two Section 3 of Volume Two presents the Deemed-to- Satisfy Provisions These provisions are presented as either an:  Acceptable Construction Manual or  Acceptable Construction Practice The principle benefit of using Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions is that they are accepted as meeting the mandatory Performance Requirements Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

44. Energy Efficiency Performance Requirements Part 2.6 of Volume Two

45. Energy Efficiency Requirements There are two mandatory Performance Requirements for energy efficiency i.e.  P2.6.1 for the thermal performance of buildings  P2.6.2 for the energy efficiency of a building's domestic services Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

46. A building must have, to the degree necessary, a level of thermal performance to facilitate the efficient use of energy for artificial heating and cooling appropriate to— (a) the function and use of the building; and (b)the internal environment; and (c) the geographic location of the building; and (d) the effects of nearby permanent features such as topography, structures and buildings; and (e) solar radiation being— (i) utilised for heating; and (ii) controlled to minimise energy for cooling; and (f) the sealing of the building envelope against air leakage; and (g) the utilisation of air movement to assist cooling. P2.6.1 Building Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

47. P2.6.2 Services A building’s domestic services, including any associated distribution system and components must have features that, to the degree necessary, facilitate the efficient use of energy appropriate to – (a) the domestic service and its usage; and (b) the geographic location of the building; and (c) the location of the domestic service; and (d) the energy source Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

48. Domestic Services Domestic services means the basic engineering systems of a house that use energy or control the use of energy; and (a) includes heating, air-conditioning, mechanical ventilation and hot water systems; but (b) excludes cooking facilities and portable appliances Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

49. Energy Efficiency Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions Part 3.12 of Volume Two

50. Section 3 - Part 3.12 Section 3 of Volume Two presents optional Deemed- to-Satisfy Provisions that may be used to achieve compliance with the mandatory Performance Requirements Part 3.12 presents the optional Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions for the energy efficiency Performance Requirements Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

51. Part 3.12 – Energy Efficiency The Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions address the following parts of a building;  3.12.1Building Fabric  3.12.2External Glazing  3.12.3Building Sealing  3.12.4Air Movement  3.12.5Services Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

52. Part 3.12.1 - Building Fabric Provisions for Building fabric address:  Thermal insulation  Roofs  Roof lights  External walls  Floors  Attached Class 10a buildings Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

53. Part 3.12.1 - Building Fabric The intent of these provisions is to ensure the building envelope is an effective means of resisting heat flow Heat flow may be either into or out of a building – depending on the climate zone A thermally efficient building envelope means less energy is needed to artificially heat or cool internal spaces Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

54. Performance of a typical envelope Proportion of envelope heat gain floor 0% walls 8% roof 5% doors 0.4% glazing 87% Proportion of envelope heat loss floor 18% walls 14% doors 1% roof 18% glazing 49% Does not include losses from a hot water service Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

55. Some Relevant Terms R-Value – the ability of a material to resist heat flow – it is determined by testing Total R-Value - the sum of the R-Values of components of an assembly – it is determined by calculation or reference e.g. refer to AIRAH Handbook Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

56. R-Value is the measure of the thermal resistance of a material for a given thickness Example of Total R-Value Materials listed in Specification J1.2 Total R-Value is the overall performance of a building element i.e. a wall –Materials in element added together –Air films and air spaces form part of the insulating system Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

57. Some Relevant Terms U-Value – the ability of a material to conduct heat U-Value - the reciprocal of the R-Value – i.e. 1 / R Value Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

58. THERMAL INSULATION Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

59. Thermal Insulation Insulation may be added to elements of the building fabric to achieve the required level of thermal performance Insulation must be installed to form a consistent and continuous barrier other than at studs etc Gaps in the barrier allow heat in or out and reduce the efficiency of the barrier Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

60. Thermal Insulation Must comply with AS/NZS 4859.1 (2006 amendment) May be either reflective insulation or bulk insulation Must be installed as specified Must not interfere with the operation of other installations, appliances or domestic services, such as down-lights Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

61. Thermal Insulation Need to ensure any required airspace is provided adjacent to the reflective surface of reflective insulation Need to maintain the thickness of bulk insulation as compression of insulation material can reduce the R- Value Note: Try to ensure that artificial cooling of internal spaces will not create condensation within adjoining elements Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

62. ROOFS Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

63. Roofs The roof of a house is typically the largest element of external fabric exposed to solar radiation Roofs and ceilings need to be insulated to achieve the required level of thermal performance Insulation performance required will depend upon direction of heat flow Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

64. Direction of Heat Flow The direction of heat flow that needs to be counteracted will depend on the climate zone The direction of heat flow is the dominant direction during typical hours of occupation of the building Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

65. Table 3.12.1.1 ROOFS—MINIMUM TOTAL R-VALUE Roofs Roof assemblies must achieve the Total R-Value specified in Table 3.12.1.1 Climate zone1 2 345678 Altitude less than 300 mAltitude 300 m or more Minimum required Total R-Value 2.7 3.02.73.53.23.74.34.8 Direction of heat flowDownwardsDownwards and upwardsUpwards Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

66. Reduced Total R-Value In climate zones 1, 2 and 3 - the Total R-Value may be reduced if:  the upper surface of the roof has a low solar absorbance value*, or  the roof space is ventilated. Low solar absorbance values are associated with light coloured roof materials* – e.g. light grey or cream. Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

67. Typical Absorptance Values ColourValue Slate (dark grey)0.90 Red, green0.75 Yellow, buff0.60 Zinc aluminium — dull0.55 Galvanised steel — dull0.55 Light grey0.45 Off white0.35 Light cream0.30 Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

68. Typical construction Certain metal framed and clad roofs require a thermal break Figure 3.12.1.1* presents Total R-Values in different climate zones for different forms of roof and ceiling construction A significant amount of Explanatory Information is provided in Volume Two Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

69. Extract of Figure 3.12.1.1 TYPICAL INSULATION OPTIONS FOR TYPICAL ROOF AND CEILING CONSTRUCTION Climate zones1, 2 (below 300 m altitude) 2 (at or above 300 m altitude) 345678 Minimum required total R-Value 2.73.02.73.53.23.74.34.8 Direction of heat flow DownwardsDownwards and upwards Upwards (c) Pitched roof with flat ceiling – Ventilated roof space Total R-Value of roof and ceiling materials 0.730.22 Minimum added R-Value of insulation 1.972.782.483.282.983.484.084.58

70. ROOF LIGHTS Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

71. Roof Lights A roof light is a skylight, window or the like installed in a roof— (a) to permit natural light to enter the room below; and (b) at an angle between 0 and 70 degrees measured from the horizontal plane BCA treats a roof light as an opening in a roof that allows heat flow in or out – so it must be protected Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

72. Roof Lights The total area of roof lights serving habitable rooms and connected spaces such as corridors is restricted Plus the aggregate area of roof lights serving a storey must be ≤ 3% of floor area Table 3.12.1.2 presents maximum allowable thermal values for roof lights Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

73. Table 3.12.1.2 Sets maximum SHGC and Total U-Values for roof lights, dependent upon;  the roof light shaft index, and  total area of roof lights as a % of floor area served Roof light shaft index is derived from the relationship of shaft length to the average internal opening – see over Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

74. Roof cladding Roof light Shaft Wall Shaft length measurement: Measured from centre of the shaft at the roof to the centre of the shaft at the ceiling level. 1/2 Ceiling level Roof light STEP ONE: MEASURE SHAFT LENGTH (Elevation view) STEP TWO: MEASURE AVERAGE INTERNAL SHAFT OPENING AT CEILING LEVEL, OR THE DIAMETER FOR A CIRCULAR SHAFT (Plan view) Roof light Shaft X Y Average internal opening = (X + Y) / 2 STEP THREE: DIVIDE THE CENTRE SHAFT LENGTH (STEP ONE) BY THE AVERAGE INTERNAL SHAFT OPENING (STEP TWO) Roof light shaft index = Roof light shaft length / Average internal opening at ceiling level

75. EXTERNAL WALLS Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

76. External Walls As with roofs, the construction of external walls is a major factor in the thermal efficiency of a building External walls may comply by achieving a minimum Total R-value Concessions to the minimum Total R-Value are provided in warmer climate zones Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

77. External Walls Table 3.12.1.3 presents options for wall construction within each climate zone In cooler climate zones, if wall construction cannot comply – glazing in the same storey is allowed to be "over-designed" to compensate Metal framed walls with light weight external cladding require a thermal break Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

78. External Walls Figure 3.12.1.3* presents typical insulation options for typical wall construction A significant amount of Explanatory Information is provided in Volume Two Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

79. EXTRACT OF FIGURE 3.12.1.3 TYPICAL INSULATION OPTIONS FOR TYPICAL WALL CONSTRUCTION Climate zones 1, 2, 3 and 5 4 and 678 Minimum required Total R-Value for walls 1.92.22.43.3 Typical wall construction R-Values (a) WeatherboardTotal R-Value of wall materials 0.47 Minimum added R-Value of insulation 1.431.731.932.83 (b) Cement and metal sheetTotal R-Value of wall materials 0.41 Minimum added R-Value of insulation 1.491.791.992.89 (c) Clay masonry veneer (minimum 110 mm external masonry) Total R-Value of wall materials 0.55 Minimum added R-Value of insulation 1.351.651.852.75 (d) Concrete blockwork masonry (minimum 140 mm masonry) Total R-Value of wall materials 0.53 Minimum added R-Value of insulation 1.371.171.872.77

80. (a) Weatherboard(b) Cement sheet Typical types of wall construction Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

81. FLOORS Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

82. Floors There are separate requirements for:  suspended floors - timber or concrete  slab-on-ground with a built in heating or cooling system Suspended floors must achieve a Total R-Value for heat flow in the downwards direction in climate zones 4 - 8 inclusive Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

83. Suspended Floors Table 3.12.1.4 (not shown) sets minimum Total R- Values Required Total R-Values are lower if the suspended floor is enclosed Figure 3.12.1.4* – presents typical R-Values for suspended floors Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

84. Extract of Figure 3.12.1.4 TYPICAL INSULATION OPTIONS FOR TYPICAL SUSPENDED FLOOR CONSTRUCTION (for a floor without a floor heating system) Climate zone46784678 Perimeter treatmentEnclosedUnenclosed Minimum required Total R- Value 1.0 1.52.0 2.53.0 (a)Suspended timber floor Total R-Value of floor materials 0.7 Minimum R-Value of insulation0.3 0.81.3 1.82.3 Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

85. ATTACHED CLASS 10a BUILDINGS Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

86. Attached Class 10a Buildings A Class 10a building may include a garage, pool enclosure, etc. A Class 10a should not compromise the thermal performance of the Class 1 building Design options are described on the next slide Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

87. Attached Class 10a Buildings A Class 10a attached to a Class 1 must have either: (a)external fabric that achieves required level of performance for the Class 1, OR (b) be separated by construction that achieves required level of performance for the Class 1, OR (c) in climate zones 4 and 5 – see over Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

88. Attached Class 10a Climate zones 4 and 5 be enclosed with masonry walls - other than for doors and glazing, AND be separated from Class 1 - with a masonry wall extending to a ceiling, AND achieve a Total R-Value in the roof - equal to that required for the Class 1 See next slide for diagrams Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

89. Attached Class 10a Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

90. EXTERNAL GLAZING Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

91. Part 3.12.2 - External Glazing Good design of glazing in external walls can provide the greatest gains in energy efficiency in housing The intent is to control the amount of energy entering or leaving a building The provisions address both external glazing and shading of glazing Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

92. Definition of glazing Glazing - for the purposes of Part 2.6 and Part 3.12 means: "a transparent or translucent element and its supporting frame located in the external fabric of the building, and includes a window and the glazed part of a door" Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

93. Contributing factors Location of the building Floor area of the storey Total area of glazing Types of frames and glass used Degree of exposure to the sun – orientation and shading considered The likelihood of the building being air-conditioned for long periods Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

94. Some Relevant Terms Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) – a measure of the proportion of solar energy (or radiation) that passes through glazing High SHGC values - allows more solar energy into a room Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

95. Some Relevant Terms Total U-Value - a measure of the ability of a material to conduct heat Low Total U-Values means the material is a poor conductor of heat – this is good Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

96. Acceptable construction practice Glazing provisions require:  calculation of allowed values for glazing, and  calculation of actual values for glazing. For Deemed-to-Satisfy designs actual values must not exceed allowed values Clause 3.12.2.1. provides formulae for calculations OR You can use the ABCB Glazing Calculator Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

97. Acceptable construction practice Clause 3.12.2.1 – a two step process Step 1 Use Table 3.12.2.1 to calculate allowable values for:  conductance  solar heat gain for the glazing in each storey of the building. Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

99. Acceptable construction practice Step 2 - subclause (b) Calculate actual:  aggregate conductance  aggregate solar heat gain of glazing in each storey Each glazing element must be assessed individually and added to establish the aggregate value for each storey Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

100. Step 2 – Aggregate conductance Calculate aggregate conductance by multiplying:  Area for each glazing element  Total U-Value for each glazing element Add the results for each glazing element to get the aggregate Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

101. Step 2 – Aggregate solar heat gain Calculate aggregate solar heat gain by multiplying:  Area for each glazing element  SHGC for each glazing element  E (solar exposure factor) for each glazing element Add the results for each glazing element to get an aggregate value Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

102. Step 2 – Aggregate solar heat gain E (solar exposure factor) can be found using Table 3.12.2.2 (not shown) To use the Table you will need to determine:  the orientation of each glazing element using Figure 3.12.2.1 – see over  the P/H ratio of shading projections – using Figure 3.12.2.2 and Clause 3.12.2.2 – see over Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

103. Step 2 – Notes Total U-Values and SHGC's may be included on glazing element labels or obtainable from manufacturers Total U-Values and SHGC's must be for the glass and the frame combined Total U-Values and SHGC's must be National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) ratings rather than Australian Average National Conditions (ANAC) ratings Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

104. Orientation North orientation minimises summer sun and maximises winter sun A glazing element is considered to face North if it faces any direction in the North orientation sector of Figure 3.12.2.1* The orientation of other glazing elements is determined in a similar way Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

105. Figure 3.12.2.1 Orientation Sector Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

106. Shading Shading required in order to comply with Clause 3.12.2.1 must comply with Clause 3.12.2.2 Shading can be provided by: –external permanent projections such as a verandah or carport, or –external shading devices such as shutters, blinds or screens Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

107. FIGURE 3.12.2.2 Measuring P and H Notes: 1. An external shading device that complies with 3.12.2.2(b) is considered to achieve a P/H value of 2.00.3.12.2.2(b) 2. Where G exceeds 500mm, the value of P must be halved. Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

108. Compare the results Once aggregate conductance and aggregate solar heat gain values are calculated - compare the actual values against the allowed values for each storey Aggregate values must not be greater than allowed values for Deemed-to-Satisfy designs Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

109. http://www.abcb.gov.au Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

110. BUILDING SEALING Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

111. Part 3.12.3 - Building Sealing Provisions for Building Sealing address:  Chimneys and flues  Roof lights  External windows and doors  Exhaust fans  Construction of roofs, walls and floors  Evaporative coolers Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

112. Building Sealing Limiting air leakage in and out of a building can have a major impact on the thermal performance of the building Sealing openings, joints and gaps is an effective means of controlling unwanted internal air movement Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

113. Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions Sealing provisions generally apply to Class 1 buildings and a Class 10a with a conditioned space; other than:  where the only means of air-conditioning is via an evaporative cooler in climate zones 1, 2, 3 and 5  Permanent ventilation openings for gas appliances  Class 10a accommodating vehicles Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

114. Chimneys and flues Chimneys or flues of solid fuel burning appliances (e.g. timber, coal etc) must have a damper or flap that can be closed to seal the chimney or flue The general provisions of Part 3.7.3 "Heating Appliances" should also be considered Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

115. Roof lights Must be capable of being sealed if in;  a conditioned space or  a habitable room in climate zones 4, 6, 7 and 8 As described above – must have:  a imperforate diffuser or  a weatherproof seal or  an operating shutter system Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

116. External windows and doors Must be fitted with edge seals if in:  a conditioned space or  a habitable room in climate zones 4, 6, 7 and 8 Edge seals may be compressible or fibrous strips Requirements do not apply to external openings fitted with louvres Compliance with AS 2047 is acceptable Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

117. Exhaust fans Must be fitted with a sealing device if in;  a conditioned space or  a habitable room in climate zones 4, 6, 7 and 8 A sealing device includes:  a self-closing damper or  a filter – such as in a kitchen range hood Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

118. Roofs, external walls and external floors Must be constructed to minimise air leakage if part of the external fabric of:  a conditioned space or  a habitable room in climate zones 4, 6, 7 and 8 Construction must incorporate internal lining systems sealed by skirting, architraves, cornices or caulking Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

119. Evaporative coolers Must be fitted with a self-closing damper or similar when serving:  a heated space or  a habitable room in climate zones 4, 6, 7 and 8 Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

120. AIR MOVEMENT Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

121. Part 3.12.4 - Air Movement Provisions for Air Movement address:  Air movement  Ventilation openings  Ceiling fans and evaporative coolers Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

122. Air movement The intent of these provisions is to:  maximise the cooling effects of natural air movement  facilitate internal cross-flow ventilation  reduce the use of air-conditioning Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

123. Air movement Provisions apply to habitable rooms in Class 1 buildings in climate zones 1 to 5 Provisions are separate to Part 3.8.5 Table 3.12.4.1* sets minimum total ventilation opening area as a % of floor area of the habitable room based on:  climate zone  provision of a ceiling fan or an evaporative cooler Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

124. Table 3.12.4.1. Climate zones Minimum total ventilation opening area per habitable room (percentage of the area of the floor of the habitable room)ventilation openinghabitable room Without a ceiling fan or evaporative cooler With a ceiling fan With an evaporative cooler 115%12.5%15% (see Note) 210%5%10% (see Note) 312.5%7.5% 410%5% 57.5%5%7.5% (see Note) 6, 7 and 8As required by Part 3.8.5requiredPart 3.8.5 Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

125. Air movement Table 3.12.4.1 does not apply to Class 1 buildings in REGION D – Severe Tropical Cyclone areas – subject to specific circumstances Air movement may be provided from openings in certain adjoining rooms, including an enclosed verandah Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

126. Ventilation Openings The total ventilation opening area to a habitable room must be:  connected by a breeze path to another ventilation opening in another room or space – OR  provided by at least two ventilation openings in the same room, each being ≥ 25% of the requirement for the room Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

127. Ceiling fans and evaporative coolers Ceiling fans and evaporative coolers used to establish the size of ventilation openings under Table 3.12.4.1 must:  be permanently fixed and  have a speed controller and  ceiling fans have 900mm minimum diameter Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

128. SERVICES Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

129. Part 3.12.5 - Services Provisions for domestic services address:  Acceptable construction manuals oAS/NZS 3500.4 or AS/NZS 3500.5  Acceptable construction practice oInsulation of services oCentral heating water piping oHeating and cooling ductwork Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

130. Services The intent is to minimise energy lost through reticulation systems for:  Air-conditioning  Central heating  Hot water supply The Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions apply to domestic services in both Class 1 and Class 10a buildings Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

131. Acceptable construction manual One manual is referenced Compliance with Section 8 of AS/NZS 3500.4 OR Clause 3.38 of AS/NZS 3500.5 is Deemed-to-Satisfy P2.6.2 in regard to design and installation of a hot water supply system Solar hot water systems in climate zones 1,2 or 3 are not required to comply Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

132. Insulation of services Thermal insulation for piping and ductwork must :  withstand temperatures to which they will be exposed and  be protected against detrimental affects of weather and sunlight Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

133. Central heating water piping Piping not located in the conditioned space served must be insulated to achieve a minimum Total R-Value specified in Table 3.12.5.1 Total-R-Value depends on the:  location of the piping and  climate zone Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

134. Heating and cooling ductwork Heating and cooling ductwork not located in the building envelope must:  achieve Total R-Value in Table 3.12.5.2  use AS/NZS 4859.1 insulation  be sealed against air loss Duct insulation in certain locations must be protected from dampness Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

135. Heating and cooling ductwork Table 3.12.5.2 Total-R-Value depends on:  location of the ductwork and/or fittings  climate zone  type of heating or cooling system Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

136. ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS

137. Option to develop an Alternative Solution To comply with BCA Performance Requirements some practitioners will follow Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions However - it’s often preferable to design something different to Deemed-to-Satisfy and to develop an Alternative Solution Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

138. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS OPTIONAL MEANS OF COMPLIANCE DEEMED-TO-SATISFY PROVISIONS ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS OR Remember the BCA structure? Developing Alternative Solutions Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

139. Complying with Performance Requirements Compliance with the Performance Requirements can only be achieved by: a) complying with the Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions, or b) formulating an Alternative Solution which - (i) complies with the Performance Requirements, or (ii) is shown to be at least equivalent to the Deemed-to- Satisfy Provisions; or c) a combination of a) and b) Developing Alternative Solutions Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

140. Design Flexibility The BCA provides two pathways to formulate an Alternative Solution; i.e.  formulating an Alternative Solution to meet the Performance Requirements, or  formulating an Alternative Solution to at least equate to Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions Developing Alternative Solutions Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

141. Flexibility in compliance Either of these options can be explored to establish the most appropriate pathway for a particular Alternative Solution A decision regarding the most appropriate pathway may be influenced by the views of the Building Control Authority Developing Alternative Solutions Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

142. Consultation It is beneficial to discuss Alternative Solution with the Building Control Authority before lodging an application for approval Also discuss the scope of supporting documentation needed to be provided Certifier can advise on likely Assessment Methods – but should not become involved in development of the design Developing Alternative Solutions Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

143. DEVELOPING ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS

144. Alternative Solutions The development of Alternative Solutions was covered in detail in Module 2 Relevant BCA provisions can be found in Section 1 of Volume Two Developing Alternative Solutions Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

145. ASSESSMENT METHODS

146. Assessment Methods Assessment methods were discussed in detail in Module 2 Methods for assessing Building Solutions are listed in Clause 1.0.9 Building Control Authority will assess compliance of Alternative Solutions Applicant is required to demonstrate compliance with the relevant Performance Requirements Developing Alternative Solutions Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

147. Assessment Methods Four Assessment Methods are listed in Clause 1.0.9: Evidence of Suitability described in Clause 1.2.2 2. Verification Methods Comparison with Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions Expert Judgement Developing Alternative Solutions Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

148. Evidence of Suitability Developing Alternative Solutions Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

149. Evidence of Suitability Evidence of Suitability is listed in Clause 1.2.2 of Volume Two The listed processes are generally third party mechanisms that may be used to assist either the formulation or assessment of Building Solutions Developing Alternative Solutions Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

150. Clause 1.2.2 – Evidence of Suitability Registered Testing Authority report Certificate of Conformity / current Certificate of Accreditation Certification from appropriately qualified persons Certification from Joint Accreditation System of Australia and New Zealand accredited body Scientific Services Laboratory product listing Any other form of documentary evidence Developing Alternative Solutions Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

151. VERIFICATION METHODS

152. What is a Verification Method? Verification Method is defined as:  a test, inspection, calculation or other method that determines whether a Building Solution complies with the relevant Performance Requirements The definition allows a broad range of processes to be used to verify compliance Developing Alternative Solutions Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

153. Application of Verification Methods BCA Verification Methods for energy efficiency apply to:  whole Class 1 buildings  whole Class 1 buildings that incorporate attached and enclosed Class 10a parts, such as attached garages BCA Verification Methods do not apply to detached garages or to open carports Developing Alternative Solutions Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

154. Verification Methods Volume Two contains two Verification Methods for energy efficiency  V2.6.2.1 - Verification using a stated value  V2.6.2.2 - Verification using a reference building Both Verification Methods require the application of a thermal calculation method Remember - other Verification Methods may be used Developing Alternative Solutions Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

155. V2.6.2.1 - using a stated value Requires a thermal calculation to show that the building's energy rating is not less than 5 stars Software used to establish the energy rating of a house must comply with the ABCB Protocol for House Energy Rating Software – www.abcb.gov.auwww.abcb.gov.au Does not cover domestic services – so these must be DTS or be demonstrated to comply with P2.6.2 using another Assessment Method Developing Alternative Solutions Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

156. V2.6.2.1 - using a stated value (explanatory information only) Effects of building fixtures such as carpets, heavy curtains, reflective window coverings etc may be considered, provided the fixtures are installed and have a degree of permanency Effects of adjoining buildings and topographic features etc may be considered, provided features have a degree of permanency Developing Alternative Solutions Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

157. V2.6.2.2 - using a reference building Allows the use of a broad range of Australian and international energy analysis software Requires a thermal calculation to show that the cooling load and/or heating load is not greater than than that of the reference building Specific requirements relate to respective climate zones – so check what's required Developing Alternative Solutions Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

158. V2.6.2.2 - using a reference building A Table presents thirteen minimum criteria to be used for modelling Minimum criteria are either individually specified or equate to DTS provisions e.g. –  roof pitch 18 degrees  ceiling height 2.4m  external walls 110mm brick-veneer  glazing as per Clause 3.12.2 Developing Alternative Solutions Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

159. V2.6.2.2 - using a reference building Does not cover domestic services –must be DTS or be demonstrated to comply with P2.6.2 using another Assessment Method Requires two computer modelling runs;  one to set the target  one to demonstrate that the design is equal to or less than the target Developing Alternative Solutions Scope of the BCA Introduction to Module 3 Methods of Compliance

160. Administrative Matters

161. Administrative Issues All State/Territory jurisdictions have administrative provisions that relate to the design and construction of buildings Energy efficiency is an issue for which specific administrative process may exist; e.g. energy efficiency assessors may be required to be accredited Practitioners need to be aware of relevant processes and ensure they comply Alterations, additions and renovations

162. Any Questions?