1. Disaster Preventions in the Time of Emergency and the Social Role and Responsibility of the Railway Workers 1 East Japan Railway Workers Union Planning Director Akinori Yanagi

2. 2 Damages by the Great East Japan Earthquake (Coastlines)

3. 3 Damages by the Great East Japan Earthquake (Buildings)

4. 4 14:46 March 11th 2011 Magnitude 9.0 Earthquake hits 【 Damages in JR East Company Areas 】 Dead JR East Company 5 persons Affiliated Companies 7 persons Still Missing 2 persons More than 1,100 cases of total or partial destruction and washed out houses Victims approximately 19,000 Fukushima accident still continues

5. 5 Tohoku Shinkansen Sendai- Furukawa Damages of Railways (Shinkansen)

6. 6 Tohoku Shinkansen Furukawa-Kurikoma Kogen Damages of Railways (Shinkansen)

7. 7 Ishinomaki Line near Onagawa Station Damages of Railways 7 local lines nearly total collapse Ishinomaki Line

8. 8 Yamada Line Rikuchuyamad a Damages of Railways 7 local lines nearly total collapse Yamada Line

9. 9 Ofunato Line Rikuzenyahagi- Takekoma Damages of Railways 7 local lines nearly total collapse Ofutona Line

10. 10 Senseki Line Nobiru Damages of Railways 7 local lines nearly total collapse Senseki Line

11. 11 Damages of Railways 7 local lines and Shinkanse nearly total collapse No victims on train in service, this is “Miracle” Surveys to collect experiences from union members Miracle was not made accidentally, it was made inevitally Preparation in both software and hardware (education, training and manuals) There were many situations beyond expectations of education, training and manuals ⇒ JR workers made appropriate decisions on sites

12. 12 Why did they make such decisions? We need to pass on the lessons learned from the disaster to the next generations. It is important to establish the philosophy of railway safety. We carried out a survey to the union members who experienced the earthquake. Method: Survey 25% of total union members ・・・ 11,827 distributed and 11,207 returned 94.8% Tape recorded ・・・ 54 members were tape recorded Free writing ・・・ Opinions from about 500 members This Presentation talks about anti-disaster measures, education and training for JR East workers who answered in the survey.

13. 13 1. After the Earthquake, it was difficult to secure a way of communication with the control centre

14. 14 After the earthquake, communication with the control centre was difficult 60. 7 16. 5 6. 4 8.26.02.2 50. 1 24. 5 8. 9 11. 0 1.8 3.7 38. 1 24. 8 12. 6 13. 2 3.5 7.9 Immediately Within 1 to2 hours Within 12hours Not on the dayNot 2 to3 days Others Sales (Station, etc) Drivers Facility （ Railway and electricity etc ） ◇ To secure a way of communication with the control centre With the damages beyond expectations, it was impossible to give orders and know the damages at every worksites by the centre. Communication had been down for more than 1 day. The important key is how to secure the communication and to give a priority for decisions on site. The numbers were too low given the fact that the control centre is responsible for the train in service and for evacuation.

15. After the earthquake, communication with the control centre was difficult ◇ Ways of obtaining information about earthquake and tsunami on the day of earthquake TV CompanyInfo Radio Internet Wirelessinfo fromthe localgovt Others Company info was not enough, workers obtained info on their own way It is important of how to obtain information reflecting modern information society

16. 16 2. Manuals were useless at all

17. 2. Manuals were useless at all ◇ Do you have “the manuals for a large scale earthquake”? Always keepthem at handsHave manuals athome Received themanuals butunsurewhereabouts Manuals werenot distributed Others 24. 5 44. 7 23. 7 6.2 0.9 3.1 29. 2 49. 4 6.71.310. 3 Fully used Used Did not usethem much Did not usethem at all Did not knowthem at all Others ◇ How did you use the manuals when an earthquake hits? More than 70% do not have manuals at hands More than 80% do not use the manuals

18. Education on earthquake manuals Had lessonsand understoodthe contentclearly Had lessons butunderstanding isnot enough Lessons wereprovided but didnot attend them There was noeducation Others 19. 6 42. 1 7.629. 2 1.5 More than 80% do not understand the content of education 2. Manuals were useless at all

19. ・ Had education 60% Education has become a mere formality ・ No education 40% No time for education on emergency To guarantee time for education To nurture a teaching professional Education and training Had education and understood 20% Busy worksites cannot have education Review of manuals Easy to understand Easy to see Useful manuals Listen to workers on site Incredible cases occur Practical education is necessary to cope with emergency Talks needed to point out problems and find out causes Practical drills anticipating all possible situations Driver Facility Sales Trainings for fire, earthquake, tsunami are necessary in cooperation with a local government Making hazard maps of each area Manuals were useless in time of emergency Training to think independently Training to know special conditions of each line Impossible to know all dangerous areas when a natural disaster occurs Training on how to use emergency telephone Ladder using evacuation drills Communication with partner companies In practice 2. Manuals were useless at all

20. 20 Review of manuals, they were useless but they are necessary In Practice Making manuals reflecting opinions of workers on site Experience and thinking power, long experiences on field Useless manuals Not carrying manuals Don’t know the content of manuals No education done Education has become a mere formality Manuals for rebuilding, not for saving one’s life Unexpected situations can occur In case of emergency with no communication regarding one’s life Driver Facility Sales Broadcasting to passengers Gathering information Evacuate to a high ground when tsunami warning is issued Not stopping in tunnel nor on bridge Gathering information A system giving priority for decisions on site A system does not impose responsibility on individuals even if the decision turns out wrong Important When tsunami warning issued Run to a high ground Not stopping in tunnel nor on bridge No individuals forced to be imposed responsibility 2. Manuals were useless at all Evacuate to a high ground when tsunami warning is issued Gathering information Evacuate to a high ground when tsunami warning is issued

21. 21 3. When a disaster occurs, evacuation procedures and routes were not used

22. 3. Evacuation procedures and sites when a disaster occurs ◇ Evacuation procedures from a worksite when a disaster occurs Procedures wereclear Procedureswere not clearenough Procedureswere unclear Don’t know theprocedures Others 26. 2 32. 4 22. 0 18. 6 0.8 32. 9 19. 7 21. 4 0.8 25. 2 Clear enough Not clearenough Unclear Don’t know Others ◇ Evacuation sites from worksite when a disaster occurs More than 70% do not understand the evacuation procedures Nearly 70% were unsure about evacuation sites

23. 18. 0 2.259. 8 7.0 13. 0 Evacuatedby order Evacuatedon my own Did notevacuate evenafter orders Did not evacuatebecause therewere no orders No answers ◇ Did you evacuate to an evacuation site from your worksite? Workers at head office and branches were able to evacuate in group. Workers on site show lower tendency of actual evacuation ◇ Places like stations, there are many customers, we cannot guide them to evacuate ◇ We cannot evacuate first, leaving others behind ◇ Some workers do not understand the evacuation sites ◇ Tsunami hit evacuation sites so some sites were inappropriate for evacuation ◇ When a train stops, in many cases, a driver does not know the local situations and it is important of how to overcome the limitations of education 3. Evacuation procedures and sites when a disaster occurs

24. 24 4. Actual voices that made “Miracle” leading to Zero victims

25. 25 ○Info from the city about huge tsunami warning ○Local people were evacuating to a high ground crossing the railway OfunatoIchinoseki Train stopped when earthquake occured Order to stop Evacuation order to Ofunato elementary school Control Centre Driver started to make passengers prepare for evacuation Driver told them to evacuate Ofunato elementary school A local said Ofunato Junior high was on a higher ground and safer Driver thought elementary school was on lower ground and close to the sea, they evacuated Ofunato Junior High Ofunato Elementary Ofunato Junior High 4. A voice that made zero victims (A case at Ofunato)

26. 26 Control centre ordered, Ofunato elementary school Followed an opinion of a local, evacuated to the junior high On site Control centre This violates the order of the control centre 【 Lesson learned 】 ・ Control centre has limitations. Decisions on site are very important This case resulted in success, but the opposite case could occur ◇ The driver did not follow the order of control centre, so he might be charged for ignoring the order Even if it turns out a wrong decision, a system should be established not to charge the responsibility of decisions on site 4. A voice that made zero victims (A case at Ofuna)

27. 27 Shinchi station Stopped at Shinchi, then a huge shock came 2 policemen on the train offered to help passengers The driver returned to the station, but nobody was there Policemen said tsunami warning was issued and passengers were guided to a city office Driver and conductor stayed and watched the train 500 meter away from the sea, never thought tsunami would come Then, tsunami came, no time to run away Ran to bridge Trains were washed away Lesson: Close doors Stayed until morning on the bridge, no communication with anyone listening to a radio all night Shinchi City Hall 40 passengers were guided by policemen No communication with the control centre Control Centre 4. A voice that made zero victims (A case at Shinchi)

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30. 30 HisanohamaYotsukura Road Dangerous area Train stopped with emergency brake by driver Tsunami warning Evacuation order Control centre Passengers were panic Driver saw huge tsunami warning on a display on the road, this is not a normal situation No time to get passengers off from the train, all doors opened and chairs were removed to use them as ladders. Elders were carried out with hands on Driver confirmed nobody left behind Tsunami came in front of the road Ladders in the train were not strong enough to support passengers 3 policemen working on the road, helped passengers off the train Getting everyone off the train completed in 10 to 15 mins A local guided passengers to a high ground, they went to junior high, instead of Hisanohama station Huge Tsunami warning 4. A voice that made zero victims (Hisanohama)

31. 31 HisanohamaYotsukura Road Dangerous area Instructed to wear protecting gloves, Decided to carry out first aids Fire in front of station, many injured people were carried into Hisanohama station Tsunami came in front of the road Going to Hisanohama ⇒ Confirmed passengers are on high ground. The city was destroyed and they helped injured people with firefighters Emergency medical staff requested to carry out first aids with gauze As long as I wear uniform of JR East, I cannot run away When I think of that moment now, I still wonder what should I do? Huge tsunami warning 4. A voice that made zero victims (Hisanohama)

32. 1. Situations beyond expectations can occur It is important to train workers who can decide on their own and act independently Control centre has limitations To establish a system giving priority to decisions on site 3. Education and training are necessary Practical education using real equipment on site Education aiming to nurture thinking power A system needed not imposing responsibility on individuals even if the decisions turns out wrong 4. To sharpen a sense of lessening damages On site power Incredible power can be exercised Researching all possible situations, practical education and training. Then what do you do? 5. Summary

33. “Conquering worries and fears, I was able to act calmly” “With limited information, I acted with a strong sense of responsibility, motivation and commitment for my job” “Judging my situations accurately, I make instantly a decision to secure safety” ◇ Voices which fulfilled one’s own responsibility 5. Summary

34. 34 We regard this earthquake as a lesson, we aim to nurture a railway person who has a top priority for respecting human beings as well as philosophy of humanism Thank you for your listening East Japan Railway Workers Union