1. GIT 335 Lecture 51 Arizona State University Department of Technology Management GIT 335 Computer Systems Technology Lecture 5 Hardware – Input and Output Dr. Thomas Schildgen, Professor

2. GIT 335 Lecture 52 Lecture 5 Introduction to Information Technology Content taken from the McGraw Hill Textbook Chapter 5

3. GIT 335 Lecture 53 Hardware: Input & Output

4. GIT 335 Lecture 54 Input & Output Input Hardware –Devices that translate data into a form the computer can process –Translates words, numbers, sounds, and pictures into binary Output Hardware –Devices that translate information processed by the computer into a form humans can understand –Translates binary into words, numbers, sounds, and pictures

5. GIT 335 Lecture 55 Input Hardware Keyboards: convert letters, numbers, and characters into electrical signals –English keyboards differ from foreign language keyboards –Follow this link to see what a Russian Cyrillic keyboard layout looks like http://www.geocities.com/fontboard/cyrillic.html –Even languages that are close to ours like German have different keyboard layouts, such as can be seen on Microsoft’s web site http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/keyboards/kbdgr.htm –Even touch typists must watch their fingers when they travel to Internet Cafes in foreign countries!

6. GIT 335 Lecture 56 Input Hardware  How keyboards work:  You press a key  This interrupts the current flowing through the circuits  Processor determines where the break occurs  It compares the location of the break with the (x,y) character map for the language on the keyboard’s ROM chip  A character is stored in 16-byte keyboard memory buffer  Then sent to PC as a data stream via wire or wireless connection  OS interprets its own operating-system-specific commands and sends the others to the application for interpretation

7. GIT 335 Lecture 57 Input Hardware  Keyboard types  104 – 108 keys desktop standard  80 – 85 keys for laptops  Wired  Connect to CPU via a serial or USB port  Wireless use either  IR (infrared) technology  Radio Frequency (RF) technology  Require line of sight to connect  Virtual keyboard used with PDAs and smartphones

8. GIT 335 Lecture 58 Input Hardware Terminal Types  Dumb Terminals  a.k.a. Video Display Terminal (VDT)  Has display screen and keyboard  Can do input and output only – no data processing  Intelligent Terminals  Has screen, keyboard, and memory  Can perform some local functions  Internet Terminals  Powers directly up into a browser  Web terminal displays web pages on a TV set  Network computer is a stripped-down PC to connect people to networks  Online game player connects to internet for online gaming  PC/TV merges a full-blown PC with a TV  PDA is a handheld computer with a tiny keyboard

9. GIT 335 Lecture 59 Input Hardware  PDA Keyboards  Problem: Make them too small and they are unusable  Problem: Make them too big and the PDA is too big  Solutions:  Some PDAs use a stylus  Some PDAs use a foldable keyboard  Some PDAs use a one-hand mini-keyboard

10. GIT 335 Lecture 510 Input Hardware Pointing Devices  Control the position of the cursor or pointer on the screen and allow the user to select options displayed on the screen  Mouse is the principal pointing tool  Rolls around on a mouse pad or desktop and directs a pointer on the computer’s display screen  Ball inside the mouse touches the desktop and rolls around  Two internal rollers touch the ball  One roller picks up motion in x (up), the other in y (down)  The rollers turn a shaft that spins a disk that breaks an LED signal into light pulses that are seen by an infrared sensor  Processor chip in mouse reads the pulses and turns it into binary

11. GIT 335 Lecture 511 Input Hardware Pointing Devices  Trackball  A movable ball mounted on top of a stationary device  Good for locations where a mouse couldn’t move enough  Requires more frequent cleaning to remove finger oils  Pointing Stick  Looks like a pencil eraser in the lower center of a laptop keyboard  Touchpad  To use: slide your finger over this small flat surface  Click by tapping you finger on the surface  May require more practice to use than a mouse

12. GIT 335 Lecture 512 Input Hardware Pointing Devices  Touch Screens  A video display screen sensitized to receive input from a finger  Cruder than a mouse, because fingers are big  Problems: touch screens that show a display that is not precisely aligned with the input  Pen input  Use a pen-like stylus for input rather than typing on a keyboard  Use handwriting recognition to translate cursive writing into data

13. GIT 335 Lecture 513 Input Hardware  Light Pen  A light-sensitive pen-like device that uses a wired connection to a computer terminal  Bring the pen to the desired point on the display screen and press a button to identify the screen location  Used in situations that require gloves  Less crude than a touch screen  Digitizer  Uses an electronic pen or puck to convert drawings and photos to digital data  Digitizing tablets are used in architecture

14. GIT 335 Lecture 514 Input Hardware  Digital Pen  Writing instrument  Writers can write on paper  A tiny camera in the pen tip captures the writing  A microchip in the pen converts the pen to digital ink  The writing is sent as an image file to the computer  Original versions: Logitech’s IO pen and Leapfrog’s FLY Fusion pen required special paper  Later versions, like Mobile Digital Scribe do not require special paper

15. GIT 335 Lecture 515 Input Hardware Scanning & Reading Devices  Source Data Entry devices create machine-readable data and feed it directly into the computer  Scanners  Use light-sensing equipment to translate images of text, drawings, and photos into digital form  Image scanners are used in electronic imaging  Resolution refers to the image sharpness, measured in dots per inch (dpi)  Flatbed scanners work like photocopiers – the image is placed on the glass surface, then scanned  Other types are sheet-fed, hand-held and drum

16. GIT 335 Lecture 516 Input Hardware Bar-Code Readers  Photoelectric (optical) scanners that translate bar code symbols into digital code  The digital code is then sent to a computer  The computer looks up the item and displays its name and pricing info  Bar code types  1D holds up to 16 ASCII characters  2D can hold 1,000 to 2,000 ASCII characters  3D is “bumpy” code that differentiates by symbol height  Can be used on metal, hard rubber, other tough surfaces

17. GIT 335 Lecture 517 Input Hardware Mark Recognition Readers  Bar code readers  MICR – Magnetic-ink character recognition  Uses special magnetized inks  Must be read by a special scanner that reads this ink  OMR – Optical mark recognition  Uses a special scanner that reads bubble marks  Used in standardized tests like the SAT and GRE  OCR – Optical character recognition  Converts scanned text from images (pictures of the text) to an editable text format  You use this to read in non-computer documents where you don’t have the source files

18. GIT 335 Lecture 518 Input Hardware Fax Machines  Facsimile Transmission Machines – scan an image and send it as electronic signals over telephone lines to a receiving fax, which prints out the image on paper  Dedicated fax machine  Is a stand-alone unit that only sends and receives faxed documents  Fax modem  Is a circuit board installed in the PC  Is a modem that can send and receive faxes  Can send documents directly from your word processor to a fax machine  Saves you printing out the document, then faxing it

19. GIT 335 Lecture 519 Input Hardware Audio Input Devices  Records analog sound and translates it into digital files for storage and processing  Two ways to digitize audio  Sound Board  An add-on board in a PC that converts analog sound to digital sound, stores it, and plays it back to speakers or amp  MIDI Board  Stands for Musical Instrument Digital Exchange  Uses a standard for the interchange between musical instruments, synthesizers, and PCs

20. GIT 335 Lecture 520 Input Hardware Webcams and Video-input Cards  Webcams  Video cameras attached to a computer to record live moving images then post them to a website in real time  Require special software, usually included with the camera  Frame-grabber video card  Can capture and digitize 1 frame at a time  Full-motion video card  Can convert analog to digital signals at rates up to 30 frames per second  Looks like a motion picture

21. GIT 335 Lecture 521 Input Hardware Digital Cameras  Use a light-sensitive processor chip to capture photographic images in digital form and store them on a small diskette in the camera or on flash memory cards  Most can be connected to a PC by USB or FireWire  Can allow you to take more pictures and decide which ones to print and save  But pictures are subject to loss by diskette or flash memory failure or computer virus if you store them on the PC

22. GIT 335 Lecture 522 Input Hardware Camera Phones  Digital cameras are now on cellphones  Convenience of being able to take photos, then instantly email or message them to someone else  Can provide instant record of traffic accidents, etc

23. GIT 335 Lecture 523 Input Hardware Speech-Recognition Systems  Uses a microphone or telephone as an input device. Converts a person’s speech into digital signals by comparing against 200,000 or so stored patterns.  Used in places where people need their hands free – warehouses, car radios, stock exchange trades  Helpful for people with visual or physical disabilities that prevent them from using other input devices  Still not easy enough to use to substitute for the mouse/keyboard for fast document processing  ScanSoft and Nuance  Fonix Speech  Aculab  Verbio

24. GIT 335 Lecture 524 Input Hardware RFID Tags  Radio-frequency ID tags are based on an identifying tag with a microchip containing specific code numbers  Scanners use radio waves to read them and match the codes to a database  Enables items to be tracked without physical contact  Drivers put RFID tags in cars to automatically pay tolls  FDA is tagging certain drugs with RFID to avoid counterfeits  Carmakers are using it for car electronic keyless entry  RFID tags are implanted under skin of pets to aid in recovery and identification when they get lost

25. GIT 335 Lecture 525 Input Hardware Biometrics  The science of measuring individual body characteristics, then using them to identify a person through a fingerprint, hand, eye, or facial characteristic  Becoming a big business as more companies become concerned about security  Makes identity theft much more difficult when records are identified by biometrics as well as passwords  For more information see  http://www.xtec.com/ http://www.xtec.com/  http://www.identix.com/ http://www.identix.com/  http://www.precisebiometrics.com/ http://www.precisebiometrics.com/

26. GIT 335 Lecture 526 Output Hardware  Softcopy  Data that is shown on a display screen or is in audio or voice form; exists electronically  Output that is ephemeral in nature  Hardcopy  Printed and film output  Output that is more permanent in nature

27. GIT 335 Lecture 527 Output Hardware Display Screens  Making a good choice when choosing a display  Dot pitch (dp) is the amount of space between adjacent pixels (picture elements) on screen  The closer the pixels, the crisper the image  Get.25 dp or better  Resolution refers to the image sharpness  The more pixels the better the resolution  Expressed in dots per inch (dpi)  Color depth or bit depth is the number of bits stored in a dot  The higher the number the more true the colors  24-bit color depth is better than 8-bit color depth  Refresh rate is the number of times per second the pixels are recharged – a higher rate gives less flicker

28. GIT 335 Lecture 528 Output Hardware Monitors  Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube used in a computer or terminal display screen  Watch the PC ads to make sure your monitor is included  Flat panel displays are made of 2 plates of glass separated by a layer of liquid crystals that line up to transmit or block light  Preferable to CRTs because they take up less room on the desktop  Latency problems make them less desirable for online games players

29. GIT 335 Lecture 529 Output Hardware Monitors  Video Standard  XGA  SXGA  UXGA  QXGA  WXGA  WUXGA  Principal resolution (pixels)  1024 x 768  1280 x 1024  1600 x 1200  2048 x 1536  1,386 x 768  1,920 x 1,200

30. GIT 335 Lecture 530 Output Hardware Printers  Impact Printers  Laser Printers  Inkjet Printers  Thermal Printers  Form characters or images by striking a print hammer or wheel against an ink ribbon  Dot matrix printers  Use drums and toner like in photocopiers  Page Description Language (PDL)  PostScript and PCL are PDL types  Produce crisp, professional pages  Spray ink from 4 nozzles at high speed  Quiet, inexpensive color printers  Often less precise than laser printers  Low to medium resolution printers that use thermal paper that darkens in time

31. GIT 335 Lecture 531 Output Hardware Plotters  A specialized output device designed to produce large high-quality graphics in a variety of colors  The earliest output device that could produce graphics  Pen plotters use one or more colored pens  Electrostatic plotters lie partially flat on a table and use toner like photocopiers  Large-format plotters are large-scale inkjet printers used by graphic artists

32. GIT 335 Lecture 532 Output Hardware Mixed Output  Sound output  You need a sound card and sound software  Good equipment can produce very high-quality 3-D sound  Voice Output  TTS systems (text to speech) are becoming popular  Requires a sound card and speakers with TTS software  Video Output  Requires a powerful processor and a video card  Video files are large, so a lot of storage is needed too.

33. GIT 335 Lecture 533 I/O Quality of Life: Health & Ergonomics  PCs impact health  Overuse injuries and repetitive stress injuries  Result when muscle groups are forced through fast, repetitive motions  May effect data-entry operators who average 15,000 keystrokes an hour  May effect PC users whose monitor, keyboard, and workstation are not arranged for comfort  Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by pressure on the median nerve in the wrist, caused by short repetitive movement  Computer vision syndrome is eyestrain, headaches, and double vision caused by improper use of computer display screens

34. GIT 335 Lecture 534 I/O Quality of Life: Health & Ergonomics  Ergonomics is the methodology of designing a workplace to make working conditions and equipment safer and more efficient  Keyboards must be placed at the correct height depending on each worker’s size  Monitor refresh rates must be fast enough to avoid eyestrain  Monitor heights must be correct for comfortable viewing  Sound-muffling should be used for loud printers to reduce workplace noise  Wrist rests may help avoid carpal tunnel syndrome

35. GIT 335 Lecture 535 Future of Input and Output  This is a fruitful area for research, including  Intelligent sensors  More data input from remote locations  More source data automation  Input help for the disabled  More sophisticated touch devices  Better speech recognition  Improved digital cameras  Gesture recognition

36. GIT 335 Lecture 536 Future of Input and Output  This is a fruitful area for research, including  Pattern-recognition and biometric devices  Brainwave devices  Better and cheaper display screens  Improved video on PCs  3-Dimensional output  Miniaturization for improved data transfer speeds to I/O devices