1. There are more than a million organic compounds
Organic Chemistry
The study of carbon-containing compounds
There are more than a million organic compounds

2. HYDROCARBONS
The simplest organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogens
Carbon has 4 valence electrons and therefore always forms 4 covalent bonds

3. HYDROCARBON PREFIXES Prefix # of Carbons Meth- 1 Eth- 2 Prop- 3 But- 4
Pent- 5
Hex- 6
Hept- 7
Oct- 8
Non- 9
Dec- 10

4. Methods of Illustrating Hydrocarbons
Formula
Description
C4H10
Molecular Formula
Complete Structural Formula (Lewis Structure)
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
Condensed Structural Formula: C-H bonds understood
CH3CH2CH2CH3
Condensed Structural Formula: C-C and C-H bonds understood
CH3(CH2)2CH3
Condensed Structural Formula: All bonds understood, parentheses indicate CH2 are linked in a continuous chain
C-C-C-C
Carbon skeleton: all hydrogens and C-H bonds understood
Line-angle formula: All carbons and hydrogens understood; carbon atoms are located at each intersection and at the ends of lines.

5. ALKANES A hydrocarbon in which there are only single covalent bonds
In an alkane, all the carbon-carbon bonds are single covalent bonds
All other bonds are carbon-hydrogen bonds
The carbon atoms in an alkane can be arranged in a straight chain or in a chain that branches
Alkanes are called saturated compounds because they contain only single bonds

6. Straight Chain Alkanes
Carbon atoms are one after another in a chain
Homologous Series: There is a constant increment of change from one compound in the series to the next
In an alkane a CH2 is the increment of change

7. Naming Alkanes For all alkanes the name ends in –ane
Count the carbon atoms and add the appropriate prefix
Example: C6H14
To draw the structural formula:
Write the symbol for carbon as many times as necessary
Complete each carbon’s 4 bonds with hydrogen atoms
Example: Octane

9. Branched Chain Alkanes
An alkane with one or more alkyl groups
Substituent: An atom or group of atoms that takes the place of a hydrogen atom on a parent alkane
Parent Alkane: The longest continuous chain of a hydrocarbon
Alkyl Group: A hydrocarbon substituent

10. Naming the alkyl groups
Name end in –yl
Add the appropriate prefix based on # of carbons in the alkyl group

11. Practice Problems

13. Drawing Structural Formulas for Alkanes
2,2,4-trimethylpentane
2,3-dimethylhexane
4-ethyl-2,3,4-trimethyloctane
3,3-dimethyl-4-ethyloctane
hexane
6) 2-methylbutane

14. ISOMERS
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different molecular structures
Structural Isomers: compounds that have the same molecular formula, but the atoms are joined together in a different order
Differ in physical properties like boiling and melting points
Also have different chemical reactivities
The more highly branched the hydrocarbon structure, the lower the boiling point

15. Unsaturated Compounds
Compounds that contain double or triple carbon-
carbon bonds
Alkenes: hydrocarbons containing one or more carbon-carbon double covalent bonds
Plastics (more reactive than alkane)
Alkynes: hydrocarbons containing one or more carbon-carbon triple covalent bonds
Preparing organic solvents, starting material for polymers, oxy-acetylene flame for welding

16. NAMING ALKENES/ALKYNES
The parent chain must contain the double/triple bond. Number from the side closest to that bond.
If it contains a double bond, it ends in –ene
If it contains a triple bond, it ends in –yne
# the double-triple bond
Name substituents as with alkanes

17. Naming Examples

18. Structural Formula Examples
Propyne
Propane
Propene

19. HALOCARBONS One of the branches is a halogen
Alkane + Halogen  Halocarbon + Hydrogen Halide
CH4 + Cl2  CH3Cl + HCl
One of the branches is a halogen
Named chloro, fluoro, bromo, iodo
Building blocks for
things like Teflon & PVC

20. Organic compounds can be classified according to their functional group
Functional Group: A specific arrangement of atoms in an organic compound that is capable of characteristic chemical reactions

21. Functional Groups (R = any carbon chain)
Compound Type
Compound Structure
Name ends in
Functional Group
Alcohol
—OH
-ol
Hydroxyl
Aldehyde
-al
Carbonyl
Carboxylic Acid
-oic acid
Carboxyl
Ester
-oate
Ketone
-one

22. Naming:
drop the –e ending of the parent alkane name and add the ending to the proper functional group ending
Parent alkane is the longest continuous chain that includes the carbon attached to the functional group
If the functional group can occur at more than one position, its position is designated with the lowest possible number.
Alcohols containing 2, 3, or 4 –OH substituents are named diols, triols, and tetrols

23. Compound Type
Compound Structure
Name ends in
Functional Group
Alcohol
—OH
-ol
Hydroxyl
Aldehyde
-al
Carbonyl
Carboxylic Acid
-oic acid
Carboxyl
Ester
-oate
Ketone
-one

24. CHALLENGE NAME THIS!

25. Organic Type Properties Uses
Alkane
Nonpolar Gases/Liquids
Low boiling points
Insoluble in water
Gas/Oil/Fuels
Methane: Natural Gas
Propane: Homes/Grills
Butane: Lighters
Octane: Gasoline
Alcohol
Hydrogen Bonds
Liquids
Higher boiling points than the other groups
Soluble in water (up to 4 carbons)
Perfumes, Mouthwash, Hairspray, Antifreeze, Rubbing Alcohol, Antiseptic, Alcoholic Beverages
Aldehyde
(Ketones)
Weak Hydrogen bonds
Liquids or solids at room temperature
Boiling points lower than alcohols higher than alkanes
Soluble in water up to 5 carbons
Flavoring agents
Benzaldehyde: Almond oil
Cinnamaldehyde: Cinnamon oil
Vanilla flavoring
Carboxylic Acid
Hydrogen bonds
Volatile liquids/Waxy solids
Higher boiling points than other compounds
Acetic acid: Vinegar
Stearic acid: Wax candles
Fatty acids
Ester
Polar but no hydrogen bonds (H not attached to O)
Lower boiling points than other compounds
Pleasant, fruity odors (blueberries, pineapples, pears, apples, bananas); perfumes & fragrances

26. Boiling Points:
Carboxylic Acid > Alcohol > Aldehyde > Alkane
Solubility in Water
Alkanes: Insoluble
Alcohol/Aldehyde/Ester/Carboxylic Acid: Soluble up to 4-6 carbons

27. Esters may be prepared from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
SYNTHESIS OF ESTERS
Esters may be prepared from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol

28. Esterification

29. NAMING ESTERS