1. “Inventing the Future” & Basic Electronics
Storytelling alternatives
Triggers of innovation
Communications and rate of change
Power = voltage x current
AC vs DC
Transformer
Vacuum tubes
Solid state electronics

2. Burk’s Eight Primary Technological Developments
Nuclear power
Telecommunications
Computer
Assembly line
Jet engine/Air Transport
Plastics/Synthetic polymers
Liquid fuel rockets
Television

3. Storytelling Alternatives
Heroic treatment of history
Thematic treatment of history
Periodic treatment of history

4. Heroic Treatment of History
Assesses history based on special persons
However, no individual is responsible for an invention.
Denies involvement of humbler members of society whose contributions made the inventor successful.

5. Thematic Treatment of History
Based on subjects such as computers, telecommunication, etc.
However, this neglects the interrelation of different subjects.
Naively implies a degree of foreknowledge.

6. Periodic Treatment of History
Chronological approach to history based on definite time periods
Oversimplified
Developments do not normally occur in linear fashion.

7. Triggers of Innovation
Deliberate attempts
Unexpected discovery
Unrelated developments
War and Religion
Accidents & unforeseen circumstances
Weather

8. Deliberate attempts to develop
Soc. For the Encouragement of Nat’l Ind.
The electric light bulb
Kinetoscope
Von Linde’s refrigeration system

9. Unexpected discovery through experimentation
Looking for one thing and finding something new.
Perkin’s synthetic dye or Guericke’s electricity
Oersted’s unexpected electromagnet
Moissan’s calcium carbide  fertilizer, acetylene

10. Unrelated Developments (“Connections”)
New technology from old technology
Pegged cylinder  Bouchon’s perforated paper programming  the computer
Weaving tech.  cheap linen  paper
Wilson’s cloud chamber  splitting the atom

11. War and Religion Cannon  Defensive Architecture, map making
The need for timely praying  alarm clock

12. Accidents & Unforeseen Circumstances
Decline of acetylene market  cheap fertilizer
Explosion of the Earl’s coal kiln  coal gas
Compass needle from China  magnetism
Failure to pump mines  barometer

13. Physical and Climate Conditions
“Little Ice Age”  chimney
malaria  ice making machine
Reclamation of Europe  modern plough

14. Summarizing No inventor works alone
Rate of technology change is proportional to rate of information exchange (communication)
Medieval Ind. Revolution
16th century specialization/democratization of knowledge via printing press
19th century telecommunications
20th century digital telecommunications

15. Burke’s Alternatives to Cope with Increasing Rate of Change?
Scrap all technology and go rural.
Selective research only.
Stop R&D and share out existing technology
Keep going the way have.

16. Stop, scrap advanced technology – “Go Rural.”
Many would not survive.
This scenario is highly unlikely.
USA’s technology developments are most responsible for its wealth and world leadership.

17. Selective research only
Assess science and technology strictly according to it societal worth.
Curtail other “unworthy” research.
Who decides where to focus efforts?
Nevertheless, governments do provide some tax incentives & subsidies to selectively stimulate development.

18. Share out existing technology to 3rd world countries.
Produce more durable goods & less planned obsolescence.
How do you convince the haves that they have had enough?
Who’s going to pay for this transfer?
This does go on where private industry seeks advantage to sharing technology.
Investments into China, India, E. Europe, etc.

19. Keep going the way we always have.
The most likely and probable scenario.

20. “Science and technology has immeasurably enriched our material lives”.
James Burke

21. Alternating Current vs. Direct
Alternating current (AC) is generated at the power plant
USA voltage fluctuates 60 cycles per second (hertz) between + & - extremes as a sine wave. Europe 50 hertz.
Direct current (DC) comes from a battery, fuel cell or solar cell and does not fluctuate.

22. The Power Grid

23. Why AC & Not DC Large electrical generators happen to generate AC.
Transformers must have AC to work.
Its easy to change AC to DC but difficult and costly to change DC to AC.

24. Electricity Power = current x voltage watts = amps x volts
Using the analogy of a garden hose:
Voltage is like the water pressure
Current is like the amount of water delivered.
Resistance (ohms) = volts/amps
Resistance is inversely proportional to the hose or wire diameter.

25. Advantages of High Voltage
Powerloss = resistance x current2
Since voltage and current are inversely proportional high voltage gets lower current thus less power loss through the power grid.
AC has the advantage over DC in that its voltage and current are easily modified with little power loss.

26. Transformer Increases or decreases alternating current
Transmission of high voltage AC results in lower power loss than low voltage.
With a transformer AC voltage can be increased/decreased with < 1% power loss
Power = current x voltage
Combination of Oersted and Faraday effect.
# coil turns is proportional to magnetic field & volts

27. AC Transformer Vin x Nout/Nin = Vout High Voltage 10,000 v
Street voltage 1100 v
Vin x Nout/Nin = Vout
Your house 110 v

28. AC Transformer Vin x Nout/Nin = Vout 110v x 10/5 = 220v
Now flowing in the
opposite direction
220v x 5/10 = 110v

29. Westinghouse vs. Edison
Tesla argued for AC power grid.
Edison argued for DC power grid.
Electrocuted animals with AC to demonstrate its dangers.
Triggered the electric chair
Tesla/Westinghouse won.

30. Vacuum Tube Aka Thermionic Valves
Two electrodes (diode) control flow of current.
Hot cathode, emits electrons
Anode, accepts electrons
Three electrode tube is triode.
Used as electrode switch or amplifier in radios.
Third electrode in triode is a grid controlling electron flow to the anode.

31. Diode

32. Triode
Anode

33. Rectifier Allows current flow in one direction only.
Diode used to convert AC to DC.
Diode used to filter out carrier signal in radio transmissions.

34. Transistor
Solid state switch. Replaced most vacuum tubes in the 1960s.
Boron or Arsenic doped Silicon or Germanium junctions.
Smaller, lighter, rugged, longer life, more efficient and cheaper than vacuum tubes.
Ultimately replaced by the Integrated Circuit (IC).
Making an IC

35. Silicon Silicon comprises about 15% of our planet Earth.
Normally found as silicates.
It is a metaloid element exhibiting some metalic and some nonmetallic qualities.
Si has 4 valence electrons like Carbon and other elements in its group.

36. Solid State Diodes
Silicon can be doped with other elements to affect it conductivity.
P and As have an extra valence electron while Boron has a vacant valence orbital.
Current will flow from N side to the P side not the reverse.
N side is cathode and P side is anode.
Boron doped side is electron deficient
Arsenic doped side is electron rich
In reverse biased no current flows

37. Moore’s Law
Gordon Moore (Intel) stated in 1965 that the number of transistors on a chip could double every 24 months.
Since then his statement has become the benchmark for the industry.

38. Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
These are solid state lights.
Electrons from the higher energy N side drop at the junction to lower energy p side.
Giving off the energy as light particles (photons).

39. Lasers "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation”
Emits light with spatial coherence
Semiconductor lasers

40. Nanotechnology

41. Carbon Nanotube Transistor

42. Fossil Fuels
Petroleum, coal and gas. The U.S. is very dependant these fuel sources.
Coal comes from anaerobic decomposition of plant material
Petroleum (oil) comes from anaerobic decomposition of marine life.
Natural gas comes from both.

43. California’s Power Sources

44. Acid Rain
Industrial production of carbon, sulfur and nitrogen oxides beyond the levels which nature can consume is pollution.
Acid rain is caused by sulfur and nitrogen oxides in the air. These kill plants and fresh water marine animals.

45. What you should know
Major technological developments according to Burke
The six triggers of innovation and examples of each.
Explain why rate of innovation is proportional to rate of information exchange.
What are Burke’s ideas to cope with the increasing rate technology change. #2
#7-13
#14 information exchange is directly proportional to innovation.
#15-19

46. What you should know How a transformer works
1000 volts and 2 amps enters a transformer with 10 coils and exits with 20 coils. What is the exit voltage and amperage? How does the wattage change?
What does a diode do and how does it work? Explain the vacuum tube and transistor.
Explain what a triode is, how it works and what it may be used for in electronic equipment.
#26-28
#30-35
#30 & 32

47. What you should know
What is the difference between direct and alternating current?
Why AC, not DC is used to transmit electricity over high voltage lines.
What is Acid Rain?
Which side of the LED may be doped with phosphorus?
#33 and lecture notes. AC is double polarity (sine wave) and DC is one polarity.
AC voltage exits the generator and its voltage is easily and efficiently changed.
#40
The N side #36