1. Chapter 9 Section 3 Changing Attitudes and Values

2. Lesson Objectives Explain what values shaped the new social order.
Understand how women and education sought change.
Learn how science challenged existing beliefs

3. Social Classes in the late 1800’s
Small upper class, nobility & super-rich industrialists
Middle class – group that grew the fastest in 1800’s
Upper middle class – doctors, scientists, lawyers
Lower middle class – teachers, office workers, shop keepers
Lower classes
Working class – large numbers in U.S. & Western Europe, lived in tenements near factories
Peasants/farmers – more in less industrialized nations

4. Middle Class Values Way of life> RESPECTABILITY
Families lived in large house or apartment house
Strict code of etiquette – rules of social behavior
How to dress, when to give dinner parties, how long to mourn, when to write letters, etc
Children “to be seen, not heard”
Even small middle class homes had servants

5. Middle Class Values Courtship & marriage
Families had much to say as to whom children married
Falling in love was becoming more accepted
Strict rules of courtship
Cult of domesticity – idealized women and the home; woman’s place was in the home
“Home sweet home”
Ideal woman = tender, self-sacrificing care-giver, nest for children, peaceful home for husband

6. Women and educators tried to bring about change
Women campaigned for variety of rights
Fairness in marriage, divorce & property laws (won right to own property in late 1880’s)
Supported temperance movement – limit or ban use of alcoholic beverages
Before 1850, women leaders in union movement, abolition of slavery > made women realize their own laws were restricted
Women’s suffrage – women’s right to vote, became an issue in late 1800’s
Faced intense opposition (cult of domesticity)
Edges of western world, New Zealand, western U.S. territories gave women the right to vote before 1900

7. Public education & higher education
Late 1800’s reformers got many governments to set up public schools
Require basic education for all children
Three R’s – reading writing & ‘arithmetic > better citizens
Need for literate work force
Taught punctuality, obedience to authority, disciplined work habits & patriotism (religion in European schools)

8. Secondary schools (high schools in U.S.)
Classical languages (Latin & Greek), history & math for middle class sons
Middle class daughters attended finishing schools – marry well & be better wives

9. Colleges & Universities
Most students were sons of upper & middle classes
Curriculum – ancient history, languages philosophy, religion, law
Late 1800’s chemistry & physics added; engineering schools opened
1840’s few women’s colleges: Bedford College, England; Mt. Holyoke, U.S.

10. Science challenged existing beliefs
Atomic theory – John Dalton (early 1800’s) modern atomic theory
Showed how different kinds of atoms combine to make all chemical substances
Dmitri Mendeleyev – table of all elements according to weight basis for periodic table

11. Science challenged existing beliefs
Age of earth – (1820) Charles Lyell Principles of Geology
Evidence that the earth was formed over millions of years
(1856) workers in Neander Valley in Germany found remains of prehistoric people – Neanderthals

12. Science challenged existing beliefs
Charles Darwin (1859) published On the Origin of the Species
All forms of life evolved into present state over millions of years
Theory of natural selection
Used Thomas Malthus’s (economist) idea that all plants & animals produced more offspring that the food supply could support
Members of species compete to survive
Nature “selected” those with best physical traits to adapt
Survival of the fittest
Brought debates between scientists & religious leaders because Darwinism disputed creationism (debate continues to the present)

13. Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism – used Darwin’s theory of survival of the fittest in war to weeded out weak nations
Survival of the fittest in business put weak companies out of business
Encouraged racism – belief that one racial group is superior to another
Some Europeans & Americans claimed success of western civilization was because of superiority of white race
Used this as reason for dominating colonial holdings & pushing Native Americans onto reservations
Result> These ideas led to global expansion/imperialism, discrimination & segregation

14. Role of religion in urban society
Christian churches & Jewish synagogues remained center of communities; urged reforms
Catholic priests & nuns set up schools & hospitals in urban slums
Jewish organizations like B’nai B’rith provided social services
Social gospel – movement of Protestant Christians to social service
Reforms in housing, health care & education
William & Catherine Booth (1878) founded the Salvation Army in London