1. H. Sakurai RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science Challenges for the r-process and EOS

2. Congratulations! Establishment of Japan Forum of Nuclear Astrophysics (JFNA) 1 st Workshop organized by JFNA

3. RIPS GARIS 60~100 MeV/nucleon CRIB (CNS) ~5 MeV/nucleon 350-400 MeV/nucleon Old facility New facility RIKEN RI Beam Factory (RIBF) BigRIPS SRC RILAC AVF RRCfRC IRC Experiment facility Accelerator SHARAQ SAMURAI ZeroDegree SLOWRI SCRIT RI-ring SHE (eg. Z=113) Intense (80 kW max.) H.I. beams (up to U) of 345AMeV at SRC Fast RI beams by projectile fragmentation and U-fission at BigRIPS Operation since 2007 To be funded In phase II

4. Progress of Research Opportunities with RI Beams Construction of a dedicated facility for RI beam production via the projectile fragmentation 0 th- generation at LBL 1 st -generation at LISE-GANIL 1990-

5. Challenges in Methodology with fast RI beams at RIPS transmission method for nuclear radii information energy-dependence of total reaction cross sections, e.g. 11 Be in-beam gamma spectroscopy for particle bound states Magicity loss at N=20 Anomaly of B(E2) in 16 C via Coulomb excitation, (p,p’), Two-step fragmentation, Recoil-shadow methods,... invariant mass spectroscopy for particle unbound states Large B(E1) in the halo nuclei 11 Be, 19 C Radiative capture cross sections in stellar evolutions : 7 Be(p,  ) 8 B missing mass spectroscopy Spectroscopy on the heaviest hydrogen 7 H polarized rare-isotope beams for electro-magnetic moments Anomaly of quadrupole moments in the B isotopes via beta-NMR techniques ~40-70 A MeV and A < 60

6. New frameworks for the new region of nuclear chart neutron-halo nuclei neutron-skin nuclei Stable Nuclei Neutron-rich Nuclei N=6 N=16 ? ? 11 Be, 11 Li, 19 C... ? To write up new text book ： Exotic phenomena, Systematics, etc. Isospin-, density-dependences of effective interactions, nucleon-corrections Microscopic system (nuclei) to Macroscopic system (neutron stars) Nuclear Matter: New forms Nuclear Structure: Shell evolution

7. Synthesis up to U （ r-process ） unknown neutron-rich nuclei theoretical predictions only Necessary of experimental investigation for nuclear properties of heavy and neutron-rich nuclei Mass, life-time, decay mode Challenge for r-process path and explosion in supernovae 5 Explosion mechanism of supernova No explosion in theoretical works Outer clast of neutron star Necessary of experimental study for Equation-of-State for nuclear matter Mass number 1987A

8. Challenge to investigate EOS of neutron matter  (fm -3 ) Normal density E/A [MeV] 3NF T=3/2 channels? density dependence? 1 S correlation BCS-BEC crossover in dilute system (  ~ 0.1  0 ) ? 3 P 2 correlation pairing gap? Density depencence? from nuclei to neutron stars B. A. Brown, PRL85 (2000) 5296 Role of di-neutron in skin? : collectivity, transfer reactions Elastic d+p for T=1/2 Nuclear structure in very neutron-rich nuclei for T=3/2? Heavy-ion Collisions to achieve  ~2-3  0 ? ????

9. RI beam production via in-flight method Heavy ion accelerator （ to collect and separate RI with analyzing magnets ） RI production RI beam target （ to accelerate nuclei ） RI beam separator Yield rate of 78 Ni via fission is about 1 ､ 000 times higher than via fragmentation. 78 Ni N=50 10,000:1 Fission reaction via 238 U beam Fragmentation reaction via 86 Kr beam Proton number Probability （ to make reactions Be, C, etc ） Advantage of fission via U beam

10. Dec. 2005 Super-conducting Ring Cyclotron （ SRC ） Cyclotron accelerator －＞ beam intensity is very high Acceleration of U up to 70% of speed of light －＞ thick target can be used －＞ world-highest intensity for RI beam Total weight 8300 ton Highest bending power （ 8Tm) Maximum magnetic field 3.8 T SRC

11. RIBF Acceleration performance AVF AVF+RRC+SRC for m/q=2 inc. pol. d SRC IRC I = 1 p  (goal) With fRC (SRC) 350 MeV/u U 88+ + (8Tm) With fRC (IRC) Performance of RIKEN Accelerator Complex

12. BigRIPS RI beam separator BigRIPS SRC Nov. 2006 completed Large acceptance for fission fragment 50% superconducting quadrupole magnets High transmission for RI beams Tandem-type separator with two stages Beam from SRC NC dipole mag. Production target RI beam 8 SC quadrupole mag. First stage Second stage

13. Total dose: 3.6×10 12 New isotopes of 125, 126 Pd 238 U + Be(7mm) at 345 MeV/u 2007 MAY-JUNE Isomer 96 Rb Bρ: 7.438 Tm, ΔP/P=2% T. Onishi et al, JPSJ 77 (08)083201.

14. Identification of new isotopes 125,126 Pd A/Q resolution(r.m.s): 0.041% at Z=46 B  resolution (r.m.s): 0.02% Cf. 124 Pd 19 counts, 125 Pd(cand.) 1count at GSI, 1997 PLB 415, 111 (97); total dose ~1x10 12 126 (3counts) T. Onishi et al, JPSJ 77 (08)083201.

15. Great expansion of nuclear world by RIBF Intensity > 1 particle/day (EPAX@GSI) Projectile Fragmentation In-flight U fission & P.F. protons neutrons 78 Ni ~0.1 particles/sec. (2007) by 10pnA 350 MeV/u U-beam New Element 278 113 04 July 23 18:55 57 fb 10 particles/sec. (goal) by 1p  A Exploration of the Limit of Existence

16. BigRIPS Fragment Separator high acceptance for fission fragments pid for RI beams at the second section ZeroDegree Multi-function BT line pid for ejectiles in inclusive- and semi-exclusive measurement medium resolution (p/dp ~ 2000 – 4000) Experimental set-ups BigRIPS /ZeroDegree Exploration into “Isospin Frontier” toward the drip-lines Reaction study fit for high energy domain 200-300A MeV RIB productionPID section

17. BigRIPS in-flight production of fast rare-isotope beams Ground state properties and low lying excited states via decay spectroscopy / transmission method: particle stability, T 1/2, Q ,  R, Ex.(2 + )... Deeply bound pionic states via (d, 3 He) at 500 MeV Three-body force via pol. d+p elastic scattering at 700 MeV ZeroDegree multi-function beam line for inclusive/semi-inclusive measurements production of 3 rd RI beams Collectivity and matter distribution via in-beam gamma / missing mass spectroscopy One step energy regime 200~300 A MeV B(E2), B(M1), (p,p), (p,p’), Ex.... Iso-diffusion Phase-I programs at BigRIPS/ZeroDegree 2007~ Rare-Isotope Physics Programs Fast RI beam production to search for new isotopes Global survey to search for anomalous regions Specific programs with deuteron beams

18. Flag ship regions at neutron-rich side 238 U beam 48 Ca beam Neutron drip-line for F-to-Mg isotopes? Particle stability 33 F, 36 Ne, 39 Na, 42 Mg p-wave halo ? : 31 Ne... Island of inversion : deformation center at N=22? B(E2) for 30 Ne and 36 Mg, etc. Possible deformation at N=28? B(E2) and Ex(2+) for 42 Si, 38 Mg, etc. Oxygen beyond N=16 Ground and excited states for 25, 26 O New isotopes between Z=20 to 60 Maaaany new ones !! R-process path T1/2 at A>80 New magicity at 54 Ca ?? B(E2), Ex(2+),... Magicity loss at 78 Ni ?? T1/2, B(E2), Ex(2+),... Magicity at N=82 ?? B(E2), Ex(2+),... Deformation at A~110 ?? collective states

19. Half-lives of nuclei beyond 78 Ni at RIBF P.T.H, PRL 94, 112501(2005) 78 Ni ~10 particles/week at MSU Magicity at Z=28 and N=50 ? Z=28 N=50 79 Ni at RIBF 77 Co at RIBF more accurate measurement for 78 Ni at RIBF 78 Ni ~20 particles/day at RIBF at present

20. 50 82 126 28 20 B(E2) -1 [1/W.u] neutron number proton number 132 Sn 208 Pb 78 Ni double magicity? N=34 new magicity? N=28 magicity? N=82 magicity? deformation region? 48 Ni double magicity? 100 Sn double magicity? Large Room for B(E2) 2001

21. R&D: Detectors/Targets for Phase-I programs Particle identification and beam monitoring at high rate Gas counters with high rate capability at ~10 6 /sec delay-line PPAC and MUSIC Targets Liquid hydrogen/helium targets for in-beam gamma and invariant mass thickness 100-250 mg/cm 2 Window-less solid hydrogen target for missing mass (p,p), (p,p’) thickness 3mm -> 1mm (goal) Polarized proton target Gamma detectors for fast RI beams (v/c ~ 0.6) DALI-2 NaI-based ball 19% eff. for 1MeV gamma, 12% resolution GRAPE Ge-based ball 3% eff. for 1MeV gamma, 1.5% resolution beta-spectroscopy Cylindrical active implantation target dedicated to half-life measurements Double-sided silicon strip detectors as active implantations missing mass spectroscopy Recoiled-out proton detectors for proton elastic scattering Spectrometer for recoiled-out protons emitted at 0 degree MUST2

22. Others needed additionally Position sensitive detectors for low-E neutrons for (p,n) Faster Beam-line detectors for more intense RIB Thinner Beam-line detectors for heavy RIB Better resolution detectors for E of RIB Faster DAQ Second Level Trigger Multi-Trigger Control System 3 H target for (t,p) ? neutron target for (n,gamma) ?

23. SAMURAI - large acceptance Kobayashi et al. in 2011 SHARAQ - high resolution Shimoura et al. Rare RI Ring – mass Ozawa et al. SCRIT - e-RI collision Wakasugi, Suda et al. SLOWRI- slow beams Wada et al. Phase-II construction 2007-2012 To maximize the potentials of intense RI beams available at RIBF RI Spin Lab. at RIPS –pol. RI beam Ueno et al. http://rarfaxp.riken.go.jp/RIBF-TAC05/ in 2008

24. SHARAQ Spectrometer Sakai et al 2009- External investment by CNS, Univ. of Tokyo High resolution spectrometer for fast RI beams p/  p ~ 15,000,  <1mrad, B  =6.8Tm Dispersion matching technique RI beam as new probe to control  q,  S,  T Missing mass spectroscopy with standard kinematics Spin-isospin response probed by fast RI beams : transparent at 300A MeV Double charge exchange : double GTR, IVSMR Multi-neutron system, etc.

25. SAMURAI Spectrometer Kobayashi et al 2011- versatile spectrometer with a large superconducting magnet a large acceptance exclusive measurements neutron measurements 80cm gap, BL~ 7Tm, Bmax=3T PID limited to A~100 Invariant/missing mass spectroscopy giant resonances single particle states via (p,2p) etc EOS in asymmetric nuclear matter : SAMURAI-TPC Particle correlations in a few-body system 3NF Coulomb breakup for radiative capture c.s. (p,  ), (n,  )

26. new facility present facility RIPS GARIS SLOWRI CRIB Big-RIPS SRC IRC AVF RILAC RI beam energy available in RIKEN E/A [MeV] 100 10 1 Fermi energy Coulomb barrier SHE physics, chemistry spin-isospin response trap (operated by CNS)

27. Phase-II programs (installations 2007-2012) [2] Unique facilities SLOWRI Wada et al. production of high-purity and slow RI beam with an rf-ion guide system Table-top experiments: Mass spectroscopy (10 -5 ) via MR-TOF system co-linear laser spectroscopy, trap... Rare RI ring Ozawa et al. isochronous storage ring designed for c.w. beams precise mass measurement (10 -6 ) via individual injection/extraction by trigger kickers particle by particle at <1Hz pid at injection/extraction Shell evolution and pairing correlation SCRIT Wakasugi et al. Self-confining Radioactive Ion Target system realized in an electron-ring for e-RI collisions Charge form factor measuremen t L>10 26 /cm 2 /s for 132 Sn for 1 week ->10 5 pps injection Feasibility check at KSR, Kyoto-Univ. RIs trapped by the electron beam Scattered electron SCRIT ebeam rf-ion guide isochronous ring

28. H.Sakurai [MeV] Z Z N N Based on Audi et al., NPA 729(2003)337  n = S 2n (N,Z)-S 2n (N+2,Z)  p = S 2p (N,Z)-S 2p (N,Z+2) “Shell gap” obtained from mass information

29. Wakasugi et al., PRL 100, 164801(2008) Luminosity achieved at KSR, Kyoto Univ. L=2.4x10 25 cm -2 s -1 7x10 6 trapped ions during 85ms at 80mA current SCRIT project in RIKEN L > 10 27 cm -2 s -1 80mA(KSR) -> 300mA (new ring) SCRIT Wakasugi et al. Self-confining Radioactive Ion Target system realized in an electron-ring for e-RI scattering Charge form factor measurement L>10 26 /cm 2 /s for 1 week ->10 5 pps injection Feasibility check at KSR, Kyoto-Univ. RIs trapped by the electron beam Scattered electron SCRIT ebeam

30. r-process path and RIBF r-process abunance Mass number observed values w/o shell quenching w/ shell quenching beta-decay reaction processes (n,  ), (,l), etc Astrophysics Nuclear Physics RIBF Reaction-Q value mass mass measurement RI-Ring Mean free time T 1/2  -spectroscopy BigRIPS/ZD Reaction chain Pn  -spectroscopy BigRIPS/ZD Cross sections Resonances reaction-studies ZD/SAMURAI GT, GDR, etc Termination Fissility  -spectroscopy BigRIPS/ZD reaction-studies SAMURAI...

31. Nuclear Reaction Data produced at RIBF Direct reactions Elastic (p,p),... Inelastic (p,p’), ( ,  ’)... Coulomb Excitation Coulomb Dissociation Quasi-elastic (p,2p), (p,pn) Transfer (d,p), (d,n),... Charge exchange (p,n), (n,p),... Double charge exchange 3-N forces d+p elastic pionic atom (d, 3 He) Heavy ion induced reactions Total interaction c.s. One-, two-nucleon knock-out reaction Fragmentation reaction Fission reaction Fusion reaction Central collisions..... Indirect for (p,  ), (n,  ),... resonant states, indirect for (p,  ), (n,  ),... neutrino-induced reactions, B(GT) EOS, E0, E1, E2... EOS termination of r-process, EOS Related to nuclear astrophysics

32. RIBF ： the world-largest in-flight facility Phase-I for RIB production has been completed. Phase-II installations are to be constructed/funded. Bunch of data will be produced for coming years. Relationship between nuclear physics and astrophysics Properties of r-process nuclei nucleo-synthesis EOS in asymmetric nuclear matter SN explosion 、 outer-crust of neutron stars, gravitational wave Exchange of needs and seeds, ideas OMEG 、 Nuclear reaction data center in Hokkaido Univ. JFNA Initiation and leadership for nuclear astrophysics??

34. RIPS GARIS ~100 MeV/nucleon CRIB (CNS) BigRIPS/ZeroDegree ~5 MeV/nucleon 350-400 MeV/nucleon Old facility New facility 350 MeV/nucleon up to U 1st beam in 2006 Phase–I 2007- Accelerators + BigRIPS/ZeroDegree Phase-II Further construction for experimental instrumentations 2007~2012 (plan) RIBF Facility Layout

35. Reactions for in-beam  spectroscopy with fast RI beam RI beam energy [A MeV] Coulomb barrier Fermi energy 30 5 Fusion Deep inelastic 250 Intermediate energy Coulomb excitation 2 +, B(E2), 1 -, B(E1),... Proton inelastic scattering 2 +,   2, 3 -,   3... Projectile fragmentation 2 +, 4 +, 6 +, 8 +, 10 +... Quasi-elastic (Knock-out reaction) (p,2p) …..... RI beam at RIBF deceleration of RI beam w/ materials Transfer reaction ( , t) Transfer reaction (d, p) type  coincidence lifetime measurement...

36. Phase-I layout Experimental set-ups ZDS: Zero-Degree forward Spectrometer  -spectroscopy in-beam gamma spectroscopy missing mass spectroscopy total reaction cross sections (d, 3 He) Pol.d+p ZeroDegree Spectrometer

37. Budget Status and Construction Plan Approved in FY08 Operation for 5months Facility Construction SHARAQ (high resolution) BT line (2M$ for FY08) SAMURAI (large-acceptance) magnets, detectors(15M$ for FY08-11) Requested for FY09 Operation budget More than 6 months Construction budget for SCRIT (e-RI) and a new injector FY10 and later Other facilities : RI-ring, SLOWRI SHARAQ SAMURAI ZeroDegree SLOWRI SCRIT RI-ring

38. Management/Operation Status at the New Facility Efforts to provide stable and intense beams at the new facility R&D for charge-stripper 28GHz ECRIS development completed in next March 48 Ca commissioning up to IRC : 200pnA max. Half a Year Delay of MT schedule due to a problem of carry-over oil in the refrigerators of the SRC and BigRIPS cryogenic system. MT will start in this Oct. & Nov.: ZeroDegree commissioning etc. PAC Three PAC meetings since 2007 Feb. Next PAC will be in 20-21 st Nov. this year Establishment of International Collaboration Framework China, France (LIA), Germany (EMMI), USA(JUSTIPEN) In near future, Canada (TRIUMF), USA (JUSEIPEN)

39. JNAC: Japan Nutrition Analysis Center Japan National Aerobatic Club Jesus Name Apostolic Church Java Network Application Controller Joint Needs Assessment Committee Jamshedpur Notified Area Committee Japan-North American Commission on Cooperative Mission

40. K980-MeV Intermediate stage Ring Cyclotron (IRC) World’s First and Strongest K2600MeV Superconducting Ring Cyclotron World’s Largest Acceptance 9 Tm Superconducting RI beam Separator 400 MeV/u Light-ion beam 345 MeV/u Uranium beam SRC BigRIPS ~250-300 MeV/nucleon RIB