1. Chapter 11 Theatre’s Revival in Europe

2. Theatre in the Renaissance The Commedia dell’arte Period of the Renaissance (ca 1350-1650) Martin Luther (1483-1546) and the Protestant Revolution Commedia dell’arte A people’s theatre popular from 1550-1750 Actors and actresses who traveled and performance impromptu farces Emphasis on comic routines (i.e. slapstick) and romantic intrigue between young lovers and their parents and betweens masters and their servants

3. Theatre in the Renaissance Aristotle Returns The Poetics is “rediscovered” by European scholars and artists The Poetics is “rediscovered” by European scholars and artists Aristotelian Scholasticism Aristotelian Scholasticism Humanism and the liberal arts Humanism and the liberal arts The three unities of time, place, and action The three unities of time, place, and action Declamatory acting style Declamatory acting style Beginnings of opera Beginnings of opera

4. Theatre in the Renaissance The Italian Perspective Perspective drawing to perspective scenery Perspective drawing to perspective scenery Converging lines Converging lines The vanishing point The vanishing point Three dimensional scenery on flats Three dimensional scenery on flats Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) First theatre architect; credited with inventing perspective painting First theatre architect; credited with inventing perspective painting Stage techniques Stage techniques Raked stage – upstage and downstage Raked stage – upstage and downstage

5. Theatre in the Renaissance Spanish Drama Golden Ages of Spanish Drama Lope de Vega (1562-1635) The most prolific and idealist playwright The Sheep Well – most popular play Calderon (1600-1681) Wrote “cloak and sword” plays His plays use symbolism and depth to explore the human condition Life is a Dream – his most well known play

6. Elizabethan Theatre Elizabeth I reigned from 1558 – 1603 Elizabeth I reigned from 1558 – 1603 Puritans Puritans Wanted to purify the church by abstaining form amusements and sensual pleasures Wanted to purify the church by abstaining form amusements and sensual pleasures Permanent Theatre buildings Permanent Theatre buildings Indoor Indoor Catered to the wealthy Catered to the wealthy Outdoor Outdoor Permitted all members of society to attend Permitted all members of society to attend The Theatre (1576) was the name of the first such theatre built since the time of the Romans by James Burbage The Theatre (1576) was the name of the first such theatre built since the time of the Romans by James Burbage Environment for the theatre Environment for the theatre Bear baiting, prostitution, and gambling Bear baiting, prostitution, and gambling

7. Elizabethan Theatre The Globe Performances began at 2:00 pm Performances began at 2:00 pm Flags were used to advertise the plays Flags were used to advertise the plays Box office Box office Groundlings and gallery patrons Groundlings and gallery patrons Verbal scene painting Verbal scene painting Costumes and props Costumes and props Special effects Special effects Music and dance Music and dance

8. Elizabethan Theatre Actors Masterless rogues and vagabonds Masterless rogues and vagabonds A company of 8-15 players A company of 8-15 players Shareholders Shareholders Employed for a single production Employed for a single production Boy apprentices Boy apprentices Patronage of the nobility Patronage of the nobility Lord Chamberlain’s Men Lord Chamberlain’s Men The King’s Men The King’s Men

9. Elizabethan Theatre Williams Shakespeare (1564-1616) Born and died in Stratford Born and died in Stratford Started as an actor with the Lord Chamberlain’s Men Started as an actor with the Lord Chamberlain’s Men Wrote 37-38 plays and poetry Wrote 37-38 plays and poetry Combined popular appeal with poetic sensibilities that were profound and poignant in their beauty Combined popular appeal with poetic sensibilities that were profound and poignant in their beauty Knew the dramaturgical tradition but did not hesitate to break the rules Knew the dramaturgical tradition but did not hesitate to break the rules Coined over 1,600 words and phrases in the English language Coined over 1,600 words and phrases in the English language

10. Elizabethan Theatre Shakespeare's Contemporaries Thomas Kyd (1558-1594) The Spanish Tragedy (1589) Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) Challenged the status quo with his plays The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus (1589) was one of his most well known plays Murdered under a suspicious cloud when he was only 29 years old Ben Jonson (1573-1637) Lead a checkered life as a young actor and playwright Rose to become England’s first poet laureate Wrote many well known plays and masques Upon Shakespeare’s death, he worked conscientiously to advocate for the publication of his plays

11. Elizabethan Theatre Masques and Antimasques Masques – elaborate court entertainments that emphasized poetry, spectacle, music and masks Masques – elaborate court entertainments that emphasized poetry, spectacle, music and masks Inigo Jones (1573-1652) Inigo Jones (1573-1652) Most influential set designer in the English theatre Most influential set designer in the English theatre The Masque of Blackness (1605) The Masque of Blackness (1605) The Players Scourge (1632) The Players Scourge (1632) The antimasque tradition The antimasque tradition

12. Restoration Drama Restoration Drama Restoration The Puritan Civil War of 1643 Restoration of Charles II in 1660 Comedy of Manners William Congreve (1670-1729) The Way of the World (1700) Women as performers and playwrights Alphra Behn (1640-1689) The Rover, or the Banished Cavalier (1677 and 1681)

13. French Neoclassic Theatre The Three Unities (time, place, and action) The Three Unities (time, place, and action) Academie Francaise Academie Francaise Tragedy Tragedy Jean Racine (1639-1699) Phaedra (1677) Comedy Comedy Molière (1622-1673) Tartuffe (1664) and The Imaginary Invalid (1673)

14. Theatre in the Age of Reason Ideas and Beginnings Age of Enlightenment (ca 1650-1800) Age of Enlightenment (ca 1650-1800) Emphasis on man’s ability to reason Emphasis on man’s ability to reason Great Minds of the Enlightenment Great Minds of the Enlightenment Francis Bacon (1561-1626) - considered the father of the Enlightenment Francis Bacon (1561-1626) - considered the father of the Enlightenment Galileo (1565-1642) - advocated for a heliocentric view of the world Galileo (1565-1642) - advocated for a heliocentric view of the world Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) Rene Descartes (1596-1650) Rene Descartes (1596-1650) John Locke (1632-1704) John Locke (1632-1704) Founding Fathers of the United States Founding Fathers of the United States Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson Ben Franklin Ben Franklin Thomas Paine Thomas Paine

15. Theatre in the Age of Enlightenment Revolutionary Theatre Domestic tragedies Domestic tragedies George Lillo (1693-1739) George Lillo (1693-1739) The London Merchant (1731) The London Merchant (1731) Voltaire (1694-1778) Voltaire (1694-1778) Mahomet (1742) Mahomet (1742) Gotthold Lessing (1729-1781) Gotthold Lessing (1729-1781) Nathan the Wise (1779) Nathan the Wise (1779) Sentimental comedies Sentimental comedies Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-1816) Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-1816) The Critic (1779) The Critic (1779) Pierre Beaumarchais (1732-1799) Pierre Beaumarchais (1732-1799) The Marriage of Figaro (1786) The Marriage of Figaro (1786) The Barber of Seville (1816) The Barber of Seville (1816)

16. Romanticism and the Birth of Melodrama Romanticism Romanticism Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) Confessions Confessions Edmond Rostand (1868-1918) Edmond Rostand (1868-1918) Cyrano de Bergerac (1897) Cyrano de Bergerac (1897) Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1749-1832) Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1749-1832) Faust (1808 and 1832) Faust (1808 and 1832) Melodrama Melodrama Combines melody and drama Combines melody and drama Formulaic plots with easily defined characters Formulaic plots with easily defined characters Poetic justice Poetic justice