1. Global Climate Change Earth is Warming How do we know? What do we know? How confident are hypotheses about causes? What are greenhouse gases? Where do they come from, and how do we know? Most common claims of the skeptics T’s are going down, not up This warming is just part of a natural cycle CO 2 is good for plants

2. Global Climate Change Earth is Warming How do we know? What do we know? How confident are hypotheses about causes? What are greenhouse gases? Where do they come from, and how do we know? Most common claims of the skeptics T’s are going down, not up This warming is just part of a natural cycle CO 2 is good for plants

3. NOAA Global Historical Climatology Network: DATA Stations with at least 10 years of record for these 30-yr intervals http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/ghcn-daily/

4. The Historical T Data Network From: Kitchen (2014) – Global Climate Change

5. Anomalies instead of Absolute T Data 1.Variations from station to station can be erratic due to small variations in local conditions 2.Regional anomalies are much more consistent, over a larger area, than station to station readings. 3.Anomalies allow more accurate assessment of T variation through time.

6. Days vs. Nights From: Kitchen (2014) – Global Climate Change

7. Days vs. Nights From: Kitchen (2014) – Global Climate Change

8. IPCC - Data IPCC - 2007

9. IPCC – Last 2000 yrs IPCC- 2007

10. Land + Ocean T’s National Research Council (2010) – weather stations + SST’s from direct and satellite measurements.

11. Melting Ice http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php? id=76590 Jakobshavn is the fastest-flowing glacier in the world. In 2010, the glacier moved at 15 kilometers per year, shedding ice into the Arctic Ocean as it surged from land to sea. It drains more than six percent of the Greenland ice cap and contributes more to global sea level rise than any other feature in the Northern Hemisphere. The glacier has both retreated and thinned in recent years. In 2010, Jakobshavnretreated 1.5 kilometers.retreated Greenland http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/I OTD/view.php?id=79369&src=ve Antarctica Two weeks after a new record was set in the Arctic Ocean for the least amount of sea ice coverage in the satellite record, the ice surrounding Antarctica reached its annual winter maximum—and set a record for a new high. Sea ice extended over 19.44 million square kilometers (7.51 million square miles) in 2012, according to the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC). The previous record of 19.39 million kilometers (7.49 million square miles) was set in 2006.new record was set in the Arctic Ocean

12. From: Kitchen (2014) – Global Climate Change

13. Arctic Sea Ice Over the last decade, Arctic sea ice extents in September have set record lows three times, and the 2011 minimum nearly tied the 2007 record low. National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) “The nine lowest maximum extents have occurred in the last nine years, since 2004,” Meier says. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/WorldOfChange/sea_ ice.php

14. Warming + Melting = Sea Level Rise From: Kitchen (2014) – Global Climate Change

15. Global Climate Change Earth is Warming How do we know? What do we know? How confident are hypotheses about causes? What are greenhouse gases? Where do they come from, and how do we know? Most common claims of the skeptics T’s are going down, not up This warming is just part of a natural cycle CO 2 is good for plants

16. Causes of Warming – How confident? Visible light Gamma rays X rays Shorter wavelengths and higher energy Longer wavelengths and lower energy UV radiation Infrared radiation MicrowavesTV, Radio waves Wavelengths (not to scale) 0.0010.010.11100.1101000.11101 100 NanometersMicrometersCentimetersMeters Electromagnetic Spectrum: light = energy = waves

17. Solar radiation Re fl ected by atmosphere Radiated by atmosphere as heat UV radiation Lower Stratosphere (ozone layer) Most UV absorbed by ozone Visible light Heat added to troposphere Troposphere Heat radiated by the earth Greenhouse effect Absorbed by the earth Flow of Energy to and from the Earth From: Miller (2010) Living in the Environment

18. What’s a Greenhouse Gas? Greenhouse gases respond to long-wave radiation (infrared radiation) by ‘vibrating’ – this vibration sends out (or re-radiates) a portion of that original infrared radiation – heat. Some of these are: Water vapor Carbon dioxide Methane CFCs Ozone

19. Yellow = observed by satellites Valleys = absorption by GHG’s CO 2 could raise overall heat budget of atmos. by 3%

20. National Research Council - GHG Analysis of air bubbles trapped in Antarctic ice cores show that, along with carbon dioxide, atmospheric concentrations of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) were relatively constant until they started to rise in the Industrial era. Atmospheric concentration units indicate the number of molecules of the greenhouse gas per million molecules of air for carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, and per billion molecules of air for methane. Source: U.S. Global Climate Research Prog.

21. How Do We Know We’re Adding CO 2 to the Atmosphere? 14 C! Living things incorporate 14 C into their bodies in the same proportion as it occurs in the atmosphere When the organism dies, it begins to lose 14 C, via radioactive decay [half-life of 5730 yrs] Tree rings record relative amounts of 14 C in the atmosphere, and show a large increase in the proportion of 12 C since the industrial revolution This comes from fossil fuels, which are too old to have any 14 C remaining

22. Fig. 3-19, p. 70 Carbon dioxide in atmosphere Respiration Photosynthesis Animals (consumers) Burning fossil fuels Diffusion Forest fires Plants (producers) Deforestation TransportationRespiration Carbon in plants (producers) Carbon dioxide dissolved in ocean Carbon in animals (consumers) Decomposition Marine food webs Producers, consumers, decomposers Carbon in fossil fuels Carbon in limestone or dolomite sediments Compaction Process Reservoir Pathway affected by humans Natural pathway Carbon Cycle

23. Trends in CO 2 : NOAA http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/history.html

24. Temperature and CO 2 Temperature change (blue) and carbon dioxide change (red) observed in ice core records Many other records are availableice core recordsMany other records are available

25. Temperature and CO 2 An estimate from the tropical ocean, far from the influence of ice sheets, indicates that the tropical ocean may warm 5°C for a doubling of carbon dioxide. The paleo data provide a valuable independent check on the sensitivity of climate models, and the 5°C value is consistent with many of the current coupled climate models. doubling of carbon dioxide

26. Temperature Projections - NOAA http://www.climate.gov/#education/teachingResources

28. Global Climate Change Earth is Warming How do we know? What do we know? How confident are hypotheses about causes? What are greenhouse gases? Where do they come from, and how do we know? Most common claims of the skeptics T’s are going down, not up This warming is just part of a natural cycle CO 2 is good for plants