1. Impacts of Climate Change

2. Changes in polar and glacial ice Satellite measurements shown a trend in overall shrinking of Earth’s ice sheets Impacts: Rising sea levels will affect many cities and countries that are at low elevations Ice floes relied upon by species such as polar bears will affect their chance of survival

3. Rising Sea Level and Ocean Acidity As ocean and sea levels rise, many coastal parts of the world may become submerged Tides, ocean currents, and prevailing winds will have differing impacts on these areas As oceans become warmer, greater amounts of CO 2 absorbed, lowering the pH and increasing the acidity. Increased acidity affects many species, in particular coral reefs

4. Climate and Health Extreme weather events (heat waves, floods, tornadoes, snowstorms, etc.) increases risk of injury or death Changing climate and ecological zones allow disease carrying animals to expand to new territories, bringing disease with them – increasing the likelihood of outbreaks of disease such as malaria, plague, lyme disease, hantavirus) Air quality will increase the amount of pollen, dust and allergens Increased number of smog days affect those with respiratory difficulty

5. Desertification and Drought Declines in precipitation can cause deserts to spread – decreasing the area of fertile land for growing crops According to some sources, about half of the nations on earth will experience some water shortages by the year 2025.

6. Storm Intensity and Frequency Most intense storms begin in tropical areas The average temperatures in these zones has increased by about 0.33 °C since 1981. Warmer seas hold more energy to convert to hurricane- speed winds.

7. Changing Biomes Biomes are similar to ecoregions and climate zones. They include characteristic biotic factors (plants and animals), combined with a unique set of abiotic conditions. Tundra, boreal forest, grassland, temperate deciduous forest are all biomes found within Canada. Plants and animals adapted to living in a particular region may no longer be able to survive there. If species are not able to migrate to new areas, they will go extinct.

8. Deforestation Removal of trees reduces the amount of CO 2 absorbed from the atmosphere by photosynthesis. Deforestation can be due to human activity (logging) or by species introduced by humans (such as the mountain pine beetle)

9. Shrinking Wetlands Freshwater ecosystems help to regulate climate Marshes, bogs, fens, swamps – all of these store and filter water as well as provide a great number habitats for plants and animals Reduction in water levels in large bodies of water (such as Lake Ontario) will cause these wetlands to dry out and disappear

10. Special Concern for the Arctic Climate change is happening more rapidly in the arctic Likely due to the positive feedback loop of a reduced albedo effect Ecological repercussions for multiple species, including humans Coastline more susceptible to increased erosion Permafrost is thawing, causing sinkholes and shifting foundations of buildings

11. Changes in Arctic affect us all Albedo Effect – less ice, less albedo, greater overall absorption of heat energy CO 2 – (and other greenhouse gases) trapped in ice and permafrost will be released Sea level rise – more water in oceans will flood low-lying areas Ocean currents – can be disrupted by large inflows of fresh water Biodiversity – many migratory species spend part of their year in the arctic Shipping and transport – ice free arctic could allow for ships to pass through arctic on a regular basis