1. Is the reported global surface warming of 1978 to 1997 real? Conference on Global and Regional Climate Variability Santa Fe, NM Oct 31-Nov 4, 2011 (Prof.) S. Fred Singer University of Virginia/ SEPP

2. Three Fundamental Issues: in Climate science, Economics, Policy 1. Is climate change of the 20 th century human-caused (anthropogenic GW -- AGW)? 2. If AGW is significant, is a future warmer climate (and higher CO2 level) good or bad ? 3. If a future warming is calamitous, can we really do something about it – technically and economically? Can we lower atmospheric CO2 levels: phase out fossil fuels, capture & sequester CO2, make solar and wind power reliable and cheap, produce low-cost biofuels?

3. IPCC reports cannot show evidence in support of AGW IPCC-1 [1990] claimed CO2- temp correlation. But no warming seen 1940-75 or since 2002 IPCC-2 [1996] claimed model-obs ‘fingerprints’ agreed. But claim based on doctored graphs. IPCC-3 [2001] claimed (failed) ‘Hockeystick’ as proof. But 20 th cy warming was not unusual. IPCC-4 [2007] claimed post-1978 warming as proof of AGW. *But such warming is not real

4. Sfc Warmings reported for 20 th cy: 1910-40 is real, but not 1978-2000 Sfc Warming of 1910-40 confirmed by proxies Warming of 1978-2000, used by IPCC to claim AGW – shown by PhysicsToday and by BEST, but not seen by independent datasets: – Atmospheric data (satellites, radiosondes) Disparity between GH models and Observations – Ocean data (SST, NMAT, Heat Content-OHC) – Proxy data (tree rings, ice cores, ocean/lake sediments, stalagmites, etc) __________________________ Why the Disparity: Land-Sfc temp vs All other data

5. a. b.

7. BEST (Berkeley Earth Sfc Temp): Uses (surface) temp data from weather- station thermometers, like CRU, GISS, NCDC Hence finds similar global sfc trends, but is fully documented and transparent BEST used only land-based data – so far One-third of BEST stations show cooling 70% of US stations are poorly sited Did station “demographics” change between 1970-2000? UHI? Airports? Other problems? Has not performed geographic decomposition

11. Reported sfc warmings: 1910-40 is real; 1978-2000 is not. Evidence: MSU-Satellites show no atmospheric warming Balloon-radiosondes: little atm. warming trend Missing amplification “puzzle” [Santer 2005] Solar activity “paradox” [Lockwood 2007] NRC-NAS [2000] cannot reconcile sfc-atm temp SST trend – an artifact of instrumentation? OHC: data show no appreciable warming Proxy data show no warming. Hockeystick hides “divergence” post-1978: “Mike’s Nature trick”?

12. Earlier indications of disparity between sfc and troposphere temp [from HTCS 1997]: In tropics, sfc data show pos trend while satellite temp show neg trend Suspected causes: Urban Heat Island effect; land use changes; changes in sampling population (latitude, altitude, fraction of airports) between 1970 and 2000

13. Disparity between tropical sfc and atm trends, as already indicated by data in 1997

15. A more detailed view of the disparity of trends (K/dec): Douglass, Knox, Pearson, Singer IJC 2007

16. Four “puzzles” –easily solved Disparity between GH models and sfc temperatures (1970-2000): IPCC-4 Fig.9.5- b Santer [Science 2005]: Lack of “amplification” for decadal trends, but not short-term ones NAS-NRC [2000] failed to “reconcile” sfc with tropospheric trends (balloons and satellites) Lockwood & Frohlich [2007] claim disparity between solar data and a sfc warming trend

17. IPCC-AR4 Conclusion on AGW: Just a “curve-fitting” exercise? “Most of the observed increase in global average [surface] temperatures since the mid-20 th century is very likely [90 to 99% certain] due to the observed increase in greenhouse gas concentrations.” [ Ref: IPCC-AR4 [2007], Summary for Policymakers, page 10] -------------------------------------------------- IPCC-AR4 Fig 9.5b (p.684) assigns the difference between “naturally-caused” (blue) and “observed” (black line) warming to GHG. [Hence, in the absence of such a difference (i.e., absence of post-1978 warming), the human contribution would be ~zero]

19. Amplification (Scaling Ratio) of Surface Warming Trend Fig. 3. Atmospheric profiles of temp scaling ratios in models, theory, and radiosonde data. B D Santer et al. Science 2005;309:1551-1556

20. NAS-NRC Report [2000]: “ Reconciling Observations of Global Temperature Change” The NAS-NRC panel (chaired by Prof J M Wallace) failed to “reconcile” the disparity in temperature trends between SURFACE and TROPOSPHERE --as measured by balloon-borne radiosondes and also by independent Satellite Microwave Sounding Units (MSU). The simplest explanation would be to discard the reported sfc warming trends. Yet the panel preferred the opposite conclusion, disregarding also the “moist adiabatic” adjustment to the lapse rate.

21. Solar “Paradox” of Lockwood-Fröhlich “There is considerable evidence for solar influence on the Earth's pre-industrial climate and the Sun may well have been a factor in post-industrial climate change in the first half of the last century. Here we show that over the past 20 years, all the trends in the Sun that could have had an influence on the Earth's climate have been in the opposite direction to that required to explain the observed rise in global mean temperatures.” [ emphasis added ] [Ref: ProcRoySoc 2007] Comment: The absence of this reported post-1978 surface warming explains the (artificial) paradox

22. Be-10 – proxy for Cosmic Rays and Solar Activity

23. Ocean data show no significant warming during 1978-1997 Troposphere temp same over land and ocean NMAT results disagree with SST trends SST results: an artifact of increasing buoy data Problem: Where does downwelling IR energy go after absorption in sea surface “skin”? Proxy data (corals) show no warming Ocean Heat Content (OHC) shows no increase – Problem: Inconsistencies in downward energy transfer from “Mixed layer” to deep ocean

24. (Ocean-minus-Land) Atm Temp Difference: from MSU-Tropics-LT

25. UK Met Office Historic Marine Air Temperature--MOHMAT/HadMAT Night-time Marine Air Temp (NMAT) is warming less rapidly than average SST during 1978-1997 NMAT 1990 temp is about equal to its 1940 value Indicates a large diurnal range of SST, with day-time warming trend due to increasing drifter buoy data Thus reported SST warming trend may be an artifact of instrumentation; not a GH effect Christy, JR, et al. 2001. Differential trends in tropical SST and atmospheric temp [NMAT] since 1979. GRL 28(1), 183–186, doi:10.1029/2000GL011167. Trends and Variations in South Pacific Island and Ocean Surface Temperature, Folland CK, et al. 2003 J. Climate 16(17), 2859-2874. Global analyses of SST, sea ice, and NMAT, Rayner NA, et al. JGR 108, doi:10.1029/2002JD002670, 2003

26. 5 year running average. Source: John Kennedy

27. Buoys introduce an Artificial Trend The claimed SST warming may be close to zero and an artifact of the measurements that combine ship and buoy data. We base this assertion on satellite and independent radiosonde data, on NMAT data, as well as on ocean heat content (OHC) data. Observations of late 20 th century Sea Level Rise (SLR) and of solar activity changes do not support any significant global SST warming -- nor do proxy data (corals).

28. Temperature Data from Buoys Rose from Zero (1980) to 90% (2010), creating an artificial warming trend The contribution from drifter buoys rose almost linearly from 0% in 1980 to 72% in 2010. During the same interval, moored buoys rose from 0% to 18% Ref: Composition of ICOADSv2.5.1 Annual number of sea surface temperature observations per year by platform type, expressed as a fraction of total number of observations. [Figure 2 of Effects of instrumentation changes on sea surface temperature measured in situ Elizabeth C. Kent, et al. online: 17 MAY 2010. DOI: 10.1002/wcc.55. in Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change Volume 1, Issue 5, pages 718–728, September/October 2010 Volume 1, Issue 5,

29. Composition of ICOADSv2.5. (a) Annual number of sea surface temperature observations per year by platform type. (b) As (a) but expressed as a fraction of total number of observations. [For the period centered on around 1900, most of the ‘unknown or other’ observations are of unknown source, and after 1962 almost all have come from oceanographic sources.] Source: Kent, Elizabeth et al. 2010. “Effects of instrumentation changes on sea surface temperature measured in situ”. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change. Vol 1(5) Sept/Oct 2010

30. T + dT SUN BUOY IR Engine Inlet SHIP

33. Ocean Heat Content

34. Proxy data of temperatures provide independent confirmation Tree ring data (shown in HTCS 1997) confirm 1910-40 warming but not a 1978-1997 wmg Ice core data (Dahl-Jensen et al. Science 1998) – “Temperature cools between 1940 and 1995.” Assorted proxies (Ljungqvist 2011) Awaiting release of suppressed post-1978 Hockeystick’s multi-proxy temperature data

35. Fig. 16. The climate record as deduced from the width of tree rings. Compared are the ring-width chronology (solid line) and the reconstruction of Arctic annual temperature anomalies (dashed line) [Jacoby et al. 1996, reprinted with permission, (c) American Association for the Advancement of Science]. Note the sharp increase between 1880 and 1940.

38. IPCC 1990 From H. H. Lamb, first Director of CRU at EAU IPCC 2001 From M. Mann, the celebrated hockey stick! (see posting of May 9, 2008 in http://climateaudit.org for further discussion of IPCC 1990)http://climateaudit.org

40. Local warming can distort global trends Example: Urban Heat Island effect in Calif, tied to population density, affects temp levels and trends; subsequent selection of “best” stations may favor global warming trend Drastic changes in number of stations in 20 th cy, accompanied by “demographic” changes of the samples; could produce artificial trends. E.g., from 1970 to 2000 airport stations increased globally from 40% to 80%

41. Urban Heat Island Effect Temperature Trends at 107 Californian Stations 1909 to 1994 Stratified by 1990 population of the county where station is located (A) Large Counties: More than 1 million people Average 29 stations (B) Midsized Counties: 100,000 to 1 million people Average 51 stations (C) Small Counties: Less than 100,000 people Average 27 stations Temperature in degF

42. Fig. 17. Distribution of temperature trends for California weather stations. The arrows indicate the stations selected by GISS for a global temperature compilation [Christy and Goodridge 1995].

43. NUMBERS OF WEATHER STATIONS AND GRID BOXES

44. Average global temperature Vs number of temperature stations

46. 11yr weighted mean Source:ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/ghcn/v2ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/ghcn/v2

47. Conclusions on 1978-97 Temp Little global surface warming since 1940 – contra IPCC – as shown by abundant evidence This removes support for IPCC-claimed AGW Reported sfc warming (1978-1997) likely due to biased selection of weather-station data Suppressed (post-1978) Hockeystick proxy data may supply key evidence; we need to examine them.

48. Cause of GH model-Obs Disparity: Neg. Feedback or CO2 Saturation? CO2 Saturation – calculable from spectroscopy Neg Feedback: Three basic possibilities to explain model-obs disparity – with data deciding: 1. Enhanced evaporation & low-level cloudiness 2. “Iris Effect” (Lindzen): reduction in cirrus layer 3. Reduced Upper Troposph Water Vapor (UTWV) – Due to Enhanced Hadley Circulation and Subsidence (Ellsaesser); Due to local subsidence – between cloud tops (Wm Gray); Due to detrainment (Lindzen)

49. So what is causing climate change? Internal: Atmosphere-ocean oscillations: PDO (Pacific Decadal Oscillation); NAO (North Atlantic Oscill; Arctic Oscill; etc External: Solar variability: – UV variations affecting stratospheric ozone and tropospheric circulation (Haigh) – Solar-wind-interplanetary magnetic field, affecting cosmic rays and cloud albedo (Svensmark, Tinsley) A

50. Pacific Decadal Oscillator (PDO) 30 year cycles or warming and cooling Warm CycleCold Cycle

51. Stalagmite Records in Oman 14 C – a Proxy for Solar Activity 18 O – a Proxy for Temperature The stalagmite record shows a remarkably close correlation between 14 C and 18 O over a period of more than 3,000 years. Thus, a strong association exists between solar activity and temperature. Neff et al. (2001)  One Century Duration!