1. The REQUIRED textbook for this course is: Author/Title: Essentials of Oceanography, 8/e Alan P. Trujillo Course/Section: Oceanography 251 Professor: Dr. John Wormuth This text is a crucial resource for:  Test Preparation  Homework assignments  Reading assignments

2. CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Planet “Earth”

3. 01_02

4. Over 2,000 years ago Eratosthenes determines the circumference of the earth within 1% of today’s measurements.

5. Impediments to early ocean exploration –determination of latitude and longitude

6. The angle formed by the horizon and the North Star measures our latitude.

7. Impediments to early ocean exploration –determination of latitude and longitude 1522 - Magellan’s crew circumnavigates the world

9. Map of the World (about 1570 AD)

10. Impediments to early ocean exploration –determination of latitude and longitude 1522 - Magellan’s crew circumnavigates the world 1760 - first good chronometer

11. Developed by John Harrison, a carpenter by trade, in the mid-1700’s. It weighed about 40 kilograms.

12. Harrison’s final chronometer. It weighed about 2 kgs.

14. Impediments to early ocean exploration –determination of latitude and longitude 1522 - Magellan’s crew circumnavigates the world 1760 - first good chronometer

15. Impediments to early ocean exploration –determination of latitude and longitude 1522 - Magellan’s crew circumnavigates the world 1760 - first good chronometer 1769 - Ben Franklin publishes an early chart of the Gulf Stream

16. Benjamin Franklin

18. Impediments to early ocean exploration –determination of latitude and longitude 1522 - Magellan’s crew circumnavigates the world 1760 - first good chronometer 1770 - Ben Franklin publishes an early chart of the Gulf Stream 1831 - five year cruise of the BEAGLE

21. Impediments to early ocean exploration –determination of latitude and longitude 1522 - Magellan’s crew circumnavigates the world 1760 - first good chronometer 1831 - five year cruise of the BEAGLE

22. Impediments to early ocean exploration –determination of latitude and longitude 1522 - Magellan’s crew circumnavigates the world 1760 - first good chronometer 1831 - five year cruise of the BEAGLE 1872 - CHALLENGER leaves England for 3 1/2 year cruise

24. A bottom dredge used to collect bottom-living organisms in the deep sea.

25. 1872 - CHALLENGER leaves England for 3 1/2 year cruise 1888 - Marine Biological Laboratory founded in Woods Hole Massachusetts 1893 - Nansen sets adrift in the FRAM

26. Fridtjof Nansen

28. 1872 - CHALLENGER leaves England for 3 1/2 year cruise 1888 - Marine Biological Laboratory founded in Woods Hole Massachusetts 1893 - Nansen sets adrift in the FRAM 1912 - Alfred Wegner lectures on continental drift

29. Alfred Wegner

30. 1912 - Scripps Institution of Oceanography becomes affiliated with the UC System

32. 1930 - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution founded

34. 1912 - Scripps Institution of Oceanography becomes affiliated with the UC System 1930 - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution founded 1949 - Texas A&M Department of Oceanography and Lamont- Doherty Geological Observatory founded 1960 - TRIESTE reaches 10,915m in the Marianas Trench

35. The Trieste

36. 1962 - Rachel Carson publishes Silent Spring 1965 - Scripps Institution of Oceanography develops FLIP (Floating Laboratory and Instrument Platform)

39. FLIP

40. 1968 - Monster buoys are anchored in the Pacific

41. Monster Bouy

42. 1968 - Monster buoys are anchored in the Pacific 1968 - GLOMAR CHALLENGER starts operations

43. GLOMAR CHALLENGER

47. 1968 - Monster buoys are anchored in the Pacific 1968 - GLOMAR CHALLENGER starts operations 1977 - ALVIN finds hydrothermal vents

48. ALVIN

49. 1968 - Monster buoys are anchored in the Pacific 1968 - GLOMAR CHALLENGER starts operations 1977 - ALVIN finds hydrothermal vents 1978 - Seasat is launched (first oceanographic satellite)

50. Seasat

51. 1968 - Monster buoys are anchored in the Pacific 1968 - GLOMAR CHALLENGER starts operations 1977 - ALVIN finds hydrothermal vents 1978 - Seasat is launched (first oceanographic satellite) 1985 - JOIDES RESOLUTION replaces GLOMAR CHALLENGER

52. GLOMAR EXPLORER

53. 1968 - Monster buoys are anchored in the Pacific 1968 - GLOMAR CHALLENGER starts operations 1977 - ALVIN finds hydrothermal vents 1978 - Seasat is launched (first oceanographic satellite) 1985 - JOIDES RESOLUTION replaces GLOMAR CHALLENGER 1985 - JASON finds the wreck of the TITANIC

54. 1968 - Monster buoys are anchored in the Pacific 1968 - GLOMAR CHALLENGER starts operations 1977 - ALVIN finds hydrothermal vents 1978 - Seasat is launched (first oceanographic satellite) 1985 - JOIDES RESOLUTION replaces GLOMAR CHALLENGER 1985 - JASON finds the wreck of the TITANIC 1992 - TOPEX/Poseidon launched

55. TOPEX / Poseidon

61. Scientific method Fig. 1.9