1. CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Planet “Earth”
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Overview
The world ocean is the most prominent feature on Earth.
Oceans cover 70.8% of Earth’s surface.
The origin and development of life on Earth is connected to the ocean.
The oceans have a long history on Earth.
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Earth’s Oceans
Earth has one ocean. Panthalossa
Four principle oceans Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Arctic Ocean
Southern, or Antarctic Ocean
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Ocean Size and Depth
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Earth’s Oceans
Pacific Ocean
World’s largest ocean
Accounts for more than half of Earth’s ocean space
World’s deepest ocean
Marianna’s Trench; 36,161 ft!!!!!
Earth’s largest geographic feature
1/3 of Earths surface
Named in 1520 by Ferdinand Magellan
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Earth’s Oceans
Atlantic Ocean
Half the size of the Pacific Ocean
Shallower than the Pacific Ocean
Separates the Old World (Europe, Asia, Africa) from the New World (N and S America)
Indian Ocean
Smaller than the Atlantic Ocean
Similar depth as the Atlantic Ocean
Primarily in the Southern Hemisphere
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Earth’s Oceans
Arctic Ocean
Seven percent the size of the Pacific Ocean
Shallowest world ocean
Permanent layer of sea ice a few meters thick
Southern Ocean or Antarctic Ocean
Circumnavigates Antarctica
Is really the parts of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans that lie south of 50° S latitude
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The Seven Seas
Smaller and shallower than oceans
Salt water
Usually enclosed by land
Sargasso Sea defined by surrounding ocean currents
Directly connected to the ocean
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The Seven Seas
Before the 15th Century, Europeans considered the seven seas to be the following:
Red Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Persian Gulf
Black Sea
Adriatic Sea
Caspian Sea
Indian Ocean
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7 Seas of Today:
N Pacific
S Pacific
N Atlantic
S Atlantic
Indian
Arctic
Southern or Antarctic
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12. Comparing Oceans to Continents
Average ocean depth is 3729 meters (12,234 feet)
Average continental elevation is 840 meters (2756 feet)
Deepest ocean trench is the Mariana Trench at 11,022 meters (36,161 feet)
Highest continental mountain is Mt. Everest at 8850 meters (29,935 feet)
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Activity:
Worksheet in Class
Place all oceans on map (7)
Black
Just for giggles; label all continents ;)
Purple
Place equator and degrees (0-80)
Red
Place Prime Meridian and degrees (0-180)
Green
H/W: Bring textbooks tomorrow!!!
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15. Making Maps; Polynesian Style Day 1
Early Explorers
Making Maps; Polynesian Style
Day 1
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16. Early Exploration of the Oceans
Early “explorers” used boats to seek new fishing grounds for food.
The ocean facilitated trade and interaction between cultures.
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Pacific Navigators
Populating the Pacific Islands was very difficult!!!
Widely scattered
No Technology (of today anyhow)
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Pacific People
No written records exist of Pacific human history before the 16th Century.
Archeological evidence suggests island occupation by people from New Guinea as early as 4000–5000 B.C.
Thor Heyerdahl sailed on a balsa raft – the Kon Tiki – to demonstrate migration of South Americans to Pacific Ocean islands in 1947
Tried to prove American vs. Asian descent
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Activity:
Polynesian Stick Maps
2 day lab
2-3 in a group
Must be complete at end of class tomorrow!
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Local History
Caloosahatchee Indians
Warm Mineral Springs
Bass Lab
Mote Marine
Eugenie Clark
Video/Quiz
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21. Development of Earth’s Oceans
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22. Life’s Possible Ocean Origins
Earth’s earliest known life forms are 3.5-billion-year-old bacteria fossilized in ocean rocks.
These are the building blocks for life on early Earth.
There is no direct evidence of early Earth’s environment.
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Oxygen
Humans require O2.
Ozone (O3) protects from ultraviolet radiation.
Early Earth had little free oxygen.
The lack of ozone may have helped originate life.
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24. Stanley Miller’s Experiment
Organic molecules formed by ultraviolet light, electrical spark (lightning), and a mixture of water, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, methane, and ammonia
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25. Stanley Miller and his Experiment
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26. Evolution and Natural Selection
Organisms adapt and change through time.
Advantageous traits are naturally selected.
Traits are passed to the next generation.
Organisms adapt to environments.
Organisms can modify environments.
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27. Plants and Animals Evolve
Heterotrophs
Very earliest life
Require external food supply
Autotrophs
Evolved later
Manufacture own food supply
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First Autotrophs
Probably similar to modern anaerobic bacteria
Survive without oxygen
Chemosynthesis from chemicals at deep hydrothermal vents
Supports idea of life’s origins on deep ocean floor in absence of light
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29. Photosynthesis and Respiration
Complex autotrophs developed chlorophyll.
This allowed the use of the Sun for photosynthesis.
Cellular respiration
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30. Photosynthesis and Respiration
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Great Oxidation Event
2.45 billion years ago
Increased oxygen and ozone eliminated the anaerobe food supply.
Light and oxygen kill anaerobes.
Cyanobacteria adapted and thrived.
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32. Changes to Earth’s Atmosphere
Photosynthetic organisms are responsible for life as we know it today.
Reduce CO2, increase O2 to 21%
High oxygen = biodiversity increase
Low oxygen associated with extinction events
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33. Plants and Earth’s Environment
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Age of Earth
Radiometric age dating
Spontaneous change/decay
Half-life
Earth is about 4.6 billion years old.
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Geologic Time Scale
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36. End of CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Planet “Earth”
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Activity:
Chapter Review Q’s: 11-16
Critical Thinking Q’s: 3 and 4
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