1. Splash Screen

2. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1:Section 1:Sources of Our Laws Section 2:Section 2:Types of Laws Section 3:Section 3:The American Legal System Visual Summary

3. Chapter Intro 1 The Constitution and the Bill of Rights contain important provisions, or laws, safeguarding the rights of Americans. In return, our system of laws gives American citizens a number of responsibilities.

4. Chapter Intro 2 Section 1: Sources of Our Laws Throughout history, civilizations have developed systems of laws to meet their needs. Our laws today can be traced back to early legal systems such as the Code of Hammurabi and English common law.

5. Chapter Intro 2 Section 2: Types of Laws The Constitution of the United States establishes and protects the individual’s fundamental rights and liberties. A variety of laws protects people and their property, and helps settle disputes between parties.

6. Chapter Intro 2 Section 3: The American Legal System The Constitution of the United States establishes and protects the individual’s fundamental rights and liberties. All Americans have basic constitutional legal rights and responsibilities as well as important protections if they are accused of a crime.

7. Chapter Preview-End

8. Section 1-Main Idea Guide to Reading Big Idea Throughout history, civilizations have developed systems of laws to meet their needs.

9. Section 1-Key Terms Guide to Reading Content Vocabulary common law precedent statute Academic Vocabulary potential resolve tradition

10. Section 1-Polling Question Do you think judges should consider tradition, as well as the law, when making legal decisions? A.Yes B.No A.A B.B

11. Section 1 Functions of Laws Laws are sets of rules that allow people in a society to live together.

12. Section 1 Functions of Laws (cont.) Laws are sets of rules allowing different people to live together in a society.

13. Section 1 Functions of laws: –Define what is and is not permissible –Set punishments meant to discourage potential criminals –Administration of justice through law enforcement agencies and courts –Establish rules for settling disagreements over non-criminal matters Functions of Laws (cont.)

14. Section 1 Characteristics of good laws: –Fair to everyone –Reasonable punishments –Understandable by the public –Enforceable by community, state, or federal authorities Functions of Laws (cont.)

15. Section 1 Do you agree that the fairness of a law is more important than whether or not the law is enforceable? A.Agree B.Disagree A.A B.B

16. Section 1 History of Law Law systems of early societies influence us today.

17. Section 1 History of Law (cont.) The laws of early societies influence legal systems today. Earliest laws –Unwritten ideas, traditions, and customs probably served as a kind of law for early societies –Passed orally from generation to generation

18. Section 1 Early systems of written law: –Code of Hammurabi compiled by King of Babylonia, 1760 B.C. –Ten Commandments of Hebrew Bible –First code of Roman law published, 450 B.C. History of Law (cont.) Development of Legal Systems

19. Section 1 Imperial expansion spreads Roman law through Europe, Africa, and Asia. Code of Justinian, A.D. 533: History of Law (cont.) –Basis for law in Byzantine Empire –Becomes part of canon laws of Roman Catholic Church –Updated by Napoleon in Napoleonic Code

20. Section 1 English system of common law:common law –Most important source of American law –Begins to take shape after Norman Conquest of England –Law based on precedents established by court decisions rather than a legal codeprecedents History of Law (cont.)

21. Section 1 –English common law incorporates Roman and canon law –Basic principles of individual rights evolve –Statutes come to dominate system, common law still significantStatutes –Brought to North America in 1600s and 1700s by English settlers History of Law (cont.)

22. Section 1 Do you agree that legal systems based on common law are fairer than systems based on a legal code? A.Agree B.Disagree A.A B.B

23. Section 1-End

24. Section 2-Main Idea Guide to Reading Big Idea The Constitution of the United States establishes and protects the individual’s fundamental rights and liberties.

25. Section 2-Key Terms Guide to Reading Content Vocabulary plaintiff defendant felony misdemeanor larceny robbery burglary lawsuit tort libel constitutional lawconstitutional law

26. Section 2-Key Terms Guide to Reading Academic Vocabulary prohibition recover

27. Section 2-Polling Question Do you think the U.S. legal system is the best legal system in world history? A.Yes B.No A.A B.B

28. Section 2 Criminal and Civil Law Criminal laws help maintain a peaceful and orderly society, while civil laws involve disputes between people or groups.

29. Section 2 Criminal and Civil Law (cont.) Two types of law directly affect Americans—criminal law and civil law.

30. Section 2 Criminal law: –To prevent people from deliberately or recklessly harming one another or one another’s property –Government always the plaintiffplaintiff –Accused individual or groups are defendants defendants Criminal and Civil Law (cont.)

31. Section 2 –Based on idea that society is a victim when a crime is committed –95 percent of U.S. criminal trials are for violations of state laws. –Titling of cases: state v. defendant Criminal and Civil Law (cont.)

32. Section 2 It is an adversary system: –Lawyers for opposing sides present their strongest case –Judge has impartial role –System has critics and defenders Criminal and Civil Law (cont.)

33. Section 2 Classification of crimes: –Felonies are more serious crimes, such as murder.Felonies –Misdemeanors are minor infractions, such as vandalism.Misdemeanors Criminal and Civil Law (cont.)

34. Section 2 Crimes against property most common: –Property is destroyed, such as arson or vandalism –Property is taken against owner’s will, such as larceny, robbery, burglarylarcenyrobberyburglary Criminal and Civil Law (cont.)

35. Section 2 Civil Law: –Disputes between people or groups –No criminal laws have been broken –Not viewed as threat to society –When a civil case goes to court, it is called a lawsuit.lawsuit –In lawsuits, the plaintiff sues to collect damages for some harm done by the defendant Criminal and Civil Law (cont.)

36. Section 2 Civil cases might involve: –Contracts –TortsTorts –Family law Criminal and Civil Law (cont.)

37. Section 2 Champions of legal rights: –John Peter Zenger (libel and freedom of the press)libel –Ida Wells-Barnett (civil rights) Criminal and Civil Law (cont.)

38. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 Cases involving civil law A.are less serious than those involving criminal law. B.may have more serious consequences than cases involving criminal law. C.are more serious than cases involving crimes against the state. D.No opinion

39. Section 2 Other Types of Law Laws protect your rights and enforce rules and statutes.

40. Section 2 Other Types of Law (cont.) The laws that govern our lives and protect our rights come from many sources Constitutional law –Cases that concern the limits of government power and the rights of the individual –Comes from U.S. Constitution

41. Section 2 Other sources: –State constitutions –Administrative agencies –Lawmaking bodies Other Types of Law (cont.)

42. Section 2 Administrative law: –Rules and regulations made by executive branch and its agencies Other Types of Law (cont.) Statutory law: –Statutes, or laws written by a legislative branch of government

43. A.A B.B Section 2 Do you agree that laws originating in the executive branch of the federal government have less of an impact on daily life than laws that originate in the legislative branch? A.Agree B.Disagree

44. Section 2-End

45. Section 3-Main Idea Guide to Reading Big Idea The Constitution of the United States establishes and protects the individual’s fundamental rights and liberties.

46. Section 3-Key Terms Guide to Reading Content Vocabulary stare decisis writ of habeas corpuswrit of habeas corpus bill of attainder ex post facto lawex post facto law due process of lawdue process of law search warrant double jeopardydouble jeopardy grand jury plea bargaining bail

47. Section 3-Key Terms Guide to Reading Academic Vocabulary interpret factor presume

48. Section 3-Polling Question Do you think that the United States provides too many constitutional protections to the accused? A.Yes B.No A.A B.B

49. Section 3 Protections in the U.S. Constitution All Americans have basic legal rights and responsibilities.

50. Section 3 Protections in the U.S. Constitution (cont.) Americans have both basic legal rights and responsibilities. Separation of powers in U.S. Constitution: –Legislative branch makes law –Executive branch enforces law –Judicial branch interprets law

51. Section 3 Basis of judicial branch interpretation: –Written laws –Judicial precedents –Stare decisis: “let the decision stand”Stare decisis Protections in the U.S. Constitution (cont.)

52. Section 3 Sources of Americans’ basic legal rights: –Article I of the U.S. Constitution –Constitutional Amendments Protections in the U.S. Constitution (cont.) Constitutional Rights of the Accused

53. Section 3 Article I: –Provides for writ of habeas corpuswrit of habeas corpus –Forbids bills of attainder and ex post facto lawsbills of attainder ex post facto laws Protections in the U.S. Constitution (cont.)

54. Section 3 Constitutional Amendments: –Bill of Rights –Requirement of equal protection in 14th Amendment –Due process of law mandated in 5th and 14th AmendmentsDue process of law Protections in the U.S. Constitution (cont.)

55. Section 3 Do you agree that the U.S. Constitution focuses more on the rights than the responsibilities of U.S. citizens? A.Agree B.Disagree A.A B.B

56. Section 3 Guaranteed Rights of Those Accused The U.S. Constitution includes several protections for Americans accused of a crime.

57. Section 3 Guaranteed Rights of Those Accused (cont.) The U.S. Constitution includes rights that protect citizens accused of crimes. Accused are presumed innocent until proven guilty in a court of law.

58. Section 3 Fourth Amendment: –Protects citizens against “unreasonable searches and seizures” –Gives Americans right to be secure in their homes and property –Requires search warrants and probable causesearch warrants –Mapp v. Ohio and the “exclusionary rule” Guaranteed Rights of Those Accused (cont.)

59. Section 3 Fifth Amendment: –Guarantees that “no person... shall be compelled to be a witness against himself” –Miranda v. Arizona –Protects against double jeopardydouble jeopardy –Establishes right to grand jury for people accused of serious crimesgrand jury Guaranteed Rights of Those Accused (cont.) Miranda Warning

60. Section 3 Sixth Amendment: –Establishes right to legal counsel –Gideon v. Wainwright –Accused people must be informed of nature and causes of the accusations against them –Right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury –Gives accused people the right to question witnesses against them Guaranteed Rights of Those Accused (cont.)

61. Section 3 Averting a jury trial: –Bench trials –Plea bargainingPlea bargaining Guaranteed Rights of Those Accused (cont.)

62. Section 3 Eighth Amendment: –Outlaws “cruel and unusual punishments” –Controversy over death penalty –Furman v. Georgia –Prohibits excessive bailbail Guaranteed Rights of Those Accused (cont.)

63. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 3 Which of the following principles is the most important constitutional protection of the rights of accused persons? A.writ of habeas corpus B.protection from double jeopardy C.right to legal council D.No opinion

64. Section 3-End

65. VS 1 Sources of Our Laws The set of rules and standards by which a society governs itself is known as law. Laws keep the peace and prevent violent acts. Laws set punishments and rules for resolving disputes. To be fully effective, laws must be fair and must treat all people equally.

66. VS 2 Early Systems of Law The earliest laws were probably passed from one generation to the next by word of mouth. Early laws, such as the Code of Hammurabi, the Ten Commandments, Roman law, and English law, have influenced our laws today.

67. VS 3 The American Legal System The Constitution is our most fundamental and important source of law. Many types of law exist, including criminal and civil law. Whereas criminal law deals with criminal acts, civil law deals with disputes between people or groups. Article I of the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights include several protections for those accused of a crime.

68. VS-End

69. Figure 1

70. Figure 2

71. Figure 3

72. TIME Trans

73. DFS Trans 1

74. DFS Trans 2

75. DFS Trans 3

76. Vocab1 common law a system of law based on precedent and customs

77. Vocab2 precedent a ruling that is used as the basis for a judicial decision in a later, similar case

78. Vocab3 statute a law written by a legislative branch

79. Vocab4 potential capable of being or becoming

80. Vocab5 resolve to find a solution or reach a decision

81. Vocab6 tradition a way of thinking or acting that is long established

82. Vocab7 plaintiff a person or party filing a lawsuit

83. Vocab8 defendant an individual or group being sued or charged with a crime

84. Vocab9 felony a serious crime such as murder, rape, kidnapping, or robbery

85. Vocab10 misdemeanor a relatively minor offense such as vandalism or stealing inexpensive items

86. Vocab11 larceny the unlawful taking away of another person’s property with the intent never to return it

87. Vocab12 robbery the taking of property from a person’s possession by using force or threats

88. Vocab13 burglary unlawful entry into any dwelling or structure

89. Vocab14 lawsuit a legal action in which a person or group sues to collect damages for some harm that is done

90. Vocab15 torts wrongful acts for which an injured party has the right to sue

91. Vocab16 libel written untruths that are harmful to someone’s reputation

92. Vocab17 constitutional law branch of law dealing with formation, construction, and interpretation of constitutions

93. Vocab18 prohibition an order forbidding something

94. Vocab19 recover to regain or reclaim

95. Vocab20 stare decisis the practice of using earlier judicial rulings as a basis for deciding cases

96. Vocab21 writ of habeas corpus a court order that requires police to bring a prisoner to court to explain why they are holding the person

97. Vocab22 bill of attainder a law that punishes a person accused of a crime without a trial or a fair hearing in court

98. Vocab23 ex post facto law a law that would allow a person to be punished for an action that was not against the law when it was committed

99. Vocab24 due process of law procedures established by law and guaranteed by the Constitution

100. Vocab25 search warrant a court order allowing law enforcement officers to search a suspect’s home or business and take specific items as evidence

101. Vocab26 double jeopardy putting someone on trial for a crime of which he or she was previously acquitted

102. Vocab27 grand jury a group of citizens that decides whether there is sufficient evidence to accuse someone of a crime

103. Vocab28 plea bargaining negotiation between the defense attorney and the prosecutor

104. Vocab29 bail a sum of money used as a security deposit to ensure that an accused person returns for his or her trial

105. Vocab30 interpret to explain or translate

106. Vocab31 factor an element contributing to a result

107. Vocab32 presume to assume or suppose to be true

108. Help Click the Forward button to go to the next slide. Click the Previous button to return to the previous slide. Click the Home button to return to the Chapter Menu. Click the Transparency button from the Chapter Menu or Chapter Introduction slides to access the TIME Transparency that is relevant to this chapter. From within a section, click on this button to access the relevant Daily Focus Skills Transparency. Click the Return button in a feature to return to the main presentation. Click the Economics Online button to access online textbook features. Click the Reference Atlas button to access the Interactive Reference Atlas. Click the Exit button or press the Escape key [Esc] to end the chapter slide show. Click the Help button to access this screen. Links to Presentation Plus! features such as Graphs in Motion, Charts in Motion, and figures from your textbook are located at the bottom of relevant screens. To use this Presentation Plus! product:

109. End of Custom Shows This slide is intentionally blank.