1. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 1 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 Solution

2. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 2 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料  Why ATM  Standard  Typical switch solution & problem  Our solution Sept 1997 2 Solution- Agenda

3. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 3 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 3 Why ATM ?

4. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 4 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 Areas in which ATM might be applied Server Backbone Desktop LAN Building Backbone Campus Backbone Wide Area Network

5. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 5 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 What are the alternatives to ATM? Desktop LANBuilding backboneCampus backboneServer backboneWide Area Network DrawbacksBenefitsAlternatives New NICs New Software Expensive QoS Switched 10BaseT Switched 100BaseTx Switched token ring Complex QoS Traffic management Topology 100BaseFx gigabit Ethernet FDDI Complex QoS Traffic management Topology 100BaseFx gigabit Ethernet FDDI New software QoS 100BaseTx gigabit Ethernet FDDI / CDDI Expensive Poor availability QoS Traffic management Topology Frame Relay ISDN

6. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 6 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 Conclusion: Most likely ATM deployment is in the backbone Desktop LAN Building backboneCampus backboneServer backbone Wide Area Network DrawbacksBenefitsAlternatives New NICs New Software Expensive QoS Switched 10BaseT Switched 100BaseTx Switched token ring QoS Traffic management Topology 100BaseFx gigabit Ethernet FDDI Complex QoS Traffic management Topology 100BaseFx gigabit Ethernet FDDI New software QoS 100BaseTx gigabit Ethernet FDDI / CDDI Expensive Poor availability QoS Traffic management Topology Frame Relay ISDN Complex

7. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 7 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 Conclusion: Most likely ATM deployment is in the backbone Server Backbone Building Backbone Campus Backbone

8. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 8 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 Ok, I understand that ATM is best used for the premise backbone. What other >> choices << do I have?

9. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 9 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 Future scalability - the FDDI fallacy Traditional router / hub model We invested in FDDI as a backbone technology and architecture for the future FDDI looked like it would support voice and video and scale, i.e.., FDDI-II and FFOL (up to 2.4 Gbps) To avoid the FDDI fallacy, invest in a technology that has a defined real-time support and scalable future

10. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 10 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 ATM versus Ethernet Bandwidth options ATM Ethernet Bandwidth Options  Comparisons are incorrectly made between gigabit Ethernet and ATM OC-12c / STM-4c 1.5M 2M 25.6M 34M 45M 155M 622M 2.4G 9.6G* 10M 100M 1000M* ATM is available in a wide range of bandwidth levels

11. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 11 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 ATM Desktop Options 10M Ethernet 100M Ethernet 16M Token Ring 25.6M ATM 100M FDDI 100M CDDI 155M ATM Ethernet * 10M Ethernet 100M Ethernet ATM versus Ethernet Desktop options  The selection of backbone technology directly affects desktop alternatives * Xylan is able to extend desktop support to Token Ring, FDDI and CDDI

12. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 12 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 ATM versus Ethernet Allocation of bandwidth: ATM 155M ATM Backbone: 155M ATM 622M ATM Server: 155M ATM  Let’s say the RED users want to FTP and the BLUE users are watching a training video  What tools does ATM offer? n Connections with guaranteed bandwidth and QoS for different applications

13. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 13 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 ATM versus Ethernet Allocation of bandwidth: Ethernet  None. First come, first serve 100M Ethernet Backbone: 100M Ethernet (1000M Ethernet) Server: 100M Ethernet Let’s say the RED users want to FTP and the BLUE users are watching a training video What tools does Ethernet offer?

14. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 14 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 Route discovery mechanism Topologies supported Protocol layer re-route time Physical layer re-route time EthernetATM Spanning Tree PNNI Loop-free tree Any (tree, ring, mesh) 10-30 seconds 100-200 milliseconds Not available 10-20 milliseconds ATM versus Ethernet Topological resilience  The Ethernet backbone Achilles’ heel: spanning tree Load balancing No Yes

15. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 15 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 so ATM is backbone technology of choice… but are vendor’s solutions ready for prime-time?

16. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 16 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 16 Standard

17. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 17 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 VLAN Standard VLAN Standard 802.1q Approved IEEE draft standard for VLAN frame tagging Expected ratification in 1997 802.10 MAN security standard Implemented by router vendor Cisco over some media LANE 1.0 Can be used as standard for VLAN interworking over ATM

18. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 18 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 Internetworking Over ATM  ELAN  Classical IP  ATM Trunking Service  PTOP(Point To Point Bridging)  XLANE

19. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 19 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 LAN Emulation  Decouples logical network structure from physical network topology  Split switch networks into Virtual LANs via software control  Route between virtual LANs using existing routers  Several Proprietary implementations  ATM Forum Kyoto November Meeting  First release of LAN Emulation Specification  LUNI 1.0 : LAN Emulation UNI

20. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 20 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 LAN Emulation Entities  LAN Emulation Client : LEC  Entity in End-systems which provides a MAC level emulated Ethernet or Token-Ring service  LAN Emulation Server : LES  Controls coordination functions for the Emulated LAN  Provides a facility for registering and resolving MAC address to ATM Address  Broadcast and Unknown Server : BUS  Handles broadcast MAC frames  Handles multicast traffic  LAN Emulation Configuration Service : LECS  Implements the assignment of individual LEC to different emulated LANs

21. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 21 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 Connection  Configuration Direct VCC between LEC and LECS  To obtain LES address  This VCC could be discarded after configuration phase  Control Direct VCC between LEC and LES  Carry control frames and LE_ARP requests  Never carry data frames  Data VCCs  Connect the LECs to each other  Connect the LECs to the BUS

22. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 22 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 LAN Emulation Stages  Initialization  Registration  Address Resolution  Data Forwarding  Multicast / Broadcast

23. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 23 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 Registration / Initialization  Clients inform the LAN Emulation Server at a well-known address  Clients give their MAC address  VCC established between Server and Client for Control  Determine client groups ATM LE Server Client Control VCC1 Control VCC2

24. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 24 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 Address Resolution / Data forwarding  ARP Request to LAN Emulation Server  LE forwards to all clients of the group  Allows client to establish direct VCC ATM LE Server Client Data VCC Control VCC1 Control VCC2

25. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 25 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 Multicast / Broadcast  ATM Network is a NBMA network  Needs Multicast Server  Data for a Multicast MAC will be forwarded to members of the group ATM LE Server Client 1 : MCS Address ? MC Server 2 : Multicast Frame 3 : Forward Multicast

26. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 26 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 VLAN vs. ATM ELAN VLAN Any media type Any media type Ethernet Ethernet Token ring Token ring FDDI FDDI ATM ATM Frame relay Frame relay Trunking allowed Trunking allowed ATM ATM FDDI FDDI 100M Ethernet 100M Ethernet Frame relay Frame relay No server required No server required ELAN Media specific Media specific Ethernet only Ethernet only Token ring only Token ring only No trunking No trunking Requires central server Requires central server

27. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 27 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 VLAN Logical Network Topology VLANs allow logical configuration independent of media… VLAN A VLAN B

28. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 28 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 Physical Network Topology …but, backbone and server connections are increasingly ATM ATM

29. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 29 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 VLAN - ELAN Mapping ELANS may be viewed as extensions of VLANs… for connecting to LANE attached servers ELAN X ELAN Y VLAN A VLAN B

30. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 30 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 Classical IP and ARP over ATM  RFC1577 : describes the initial deployment of ATM within classical IP networks :  as a direct replacement for LANs  for IP links which interconnect routers  The ATM host adapter is a networking interface for the IP protocol stack operating in a LAN-based paradigm

31. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 31 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 RFC1577 concepts  ATM network divided in Logical IP Subnets (LIS)  The same MTU is used for all VCs in the same LIS  Default LLC/SNAP encapsulation of IP packets  End-to-End IP routing architecture stays the same  IP addresses are resolved to ATM addresses by use of an ATMARP service within the LIS  One IP subnet is used for a LIS  Each VC directly connects two IP members within the same LIS

32. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 32 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 RFC1577 : LIS  ARP server in each Logical Subnet  LIS : Logical IP Subnet ATM Network ARP Server 2 Subnet 2 ARP Server 1 Subnet 1 Logical Subnet 1 Logical Subnet 2

33. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 33 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 RFC1577 : IP Subnetwork Config  All members have the same IP network/subnet number  All members within a LIS are directly connected to the ATM network  All members outside of the LIS are accessed via a router  All members of a LIS must have a mechanism for resolving IP addresses to ATM addresses  SVC : ATM addresses to IP addresses using InATMARP  PVC : ATM addresses to VC using InATMARP  All members within a LIS must be able to communicate via ATM with all other members (SVC or PVC)

34. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 34 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 Mandatory Client Parameters  Client ATM address  ATMARP server address Network ATM ARP Server LIS AB.CDEF.01.AA4567.890A.BCDE.F012.3456.7890.1111.12 AB.CDEF.01.AA4567.890A.BCDE.F012.3456.7890.1111.11

35. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 35 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 RFC1577 : Packet Format  IEEE 802.2 LLC/SNAP must be supported  IEEE 802.2 LLC/SNAP is the default  Other encapsulation method may be used  Encapsulation will maybe be done on a per-VC basis  MTU size shall be 9180 bytes  LLC/SNAP header is 8 bytes  Therefore the ATM AAL5 PDU size is 9188 bytes  This is the default

36. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 36 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 RFC1577 : Address Resolution  Only one ATMARP Server within the LIS  Client initiates the registration to the ATMARP Server (Point to Point VC) using the ATM address of the ARP Server  Server sends an InATMARP request to the client to build its cache table

37. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 37 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 Classical IP Over ATM  Requires multiple hops for communications between different LISs ARP Server (Subnet 1) ARP Server (Subnet 2) ATM Network Registration ARP Requests ARP Responses Logical IP Subnet 1 Logical IP Subnet 2

38. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 38 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 Next Hop Resolution Protocol  Allows communication between LISs across cloud  Next-hop requests passed between next-hop server  NH servers cannot forward data  Separates data forwarding paths from paths across which reachability information is passed  May lead to undetected routing loops NHS1 NH-Requests NHS2NHS3 NHS4 ATM Network Direct Connection Next-Hop Server LIS1LIS2LIS3LIS4 NH-Reply

39. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 39 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 Address Resolution for ATM  Manual configuration  Simple for early testing  Administrative burden  Multicast protocols  Adapt existing mechanisms  Inadequate scaling  Distributed directory  Various indices  Complex to specify and implement  Algorithmic mapping  Obstacle to network evolution

40. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 40 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 Router Evolution  Two main roles :  Internetworking for existing LAN/WAN across ATM backbones  Supporting Virtual LAN internetworking  Routers will evolve into router-servers  Routers also natural platform for ATM servers  LAN Emulation Server  Multicast Server  ARP Server  Next Hop Server  ConnectionLess Server

41. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 41 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 41 Typical switch solution & problem ?

42. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 42 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 42 傳統 Switch 產品之建議方案 Router ATM Switch LAN Switch ATM to the Desktop Switched 10/100 Ethernet Switched Ethernet or Token Ring Server

43. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 43 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 43 The Role of the Router Fully switched model Backbone R

44. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 44 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 44 The Role of the Router Fully switched model Backbone Integrated Routing

45. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 45 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 45 All Switches Must Support Routing Inter-VLAN traffic with external router Using LANE or 802.10 ATM R

46. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 46 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 46 All Switches Must Support Routing Inter-VLAN traffic integrated routing ATM R More efficient resource utilization

47. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 47 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 47 Our solution

48. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 48 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 Alcatel’s ATM solution Scalable, high performance & highly available ATM switching Building/Campus/MAN Backbones Comprehensive, any-to-any LANswitching for tailored desktop & server solutions. OmniSwitch ATM Network LEC 1483 SVC/PVC ELAN LE-Services OmniMSS AutoTracker Complete, high performance LAN-to-ATM internetworking services Intelligent Broadcast Manager Hardware Routing Engine NHRP SVC/PVC MPOA Low cost, high performance hardware routing and optional firewalls license Legacy WAN DLCI 1490

49. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 49 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 49 User Benefits Networks deliver more bandwidth to attached devices Networks allow user mobility Networks provide a high level of security Networks would be able to differentiate QoS levels among applications Networks maintain constantly available Networks need to scale

50. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 50 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 50 Bandwidth Frame + cell switching 120M Management Bus 960M Frame Bus ATM Uplinks (34, 45, 155, 622) Ethernet (10/100) Token ring Gigabit Ethernet Uplinks FDDI / CDDI Frame Relay / ISDN 25.6M ATM 155M ATM 622M ATM 34/45M ATM AAL-1 Circuit Emulation 13.2G Cell Bus Management SAR

51. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 51 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 51 Cutover to hot standby facility in approximately 10ms PNNI load balancing and/or 1:1 Line protection

52. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 52 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 52 Redundant Architecture t Link Redundant t Module Redundant t Power Supply Redundant

53. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 53 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 53 High Availability: Fault Tolerant Architecture  Redundant power supplies t Dual Cooling fans reliability t Redundant management module Compatibility  Passive backplane for no active components t Hot-swappable modules and power supplies t Distributed architecture t Redundant server connections t Redundant connections to an ATM switch fabric t Redundant connections to hubs t Fault tolerant software architecture

54. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 54 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 SERVICEdirector - Connection management

55. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 55 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 SERVICEdirector -Wizards support

56. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 56 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 56 Security Authenticated-user VLANs Target VLAN 1 Target VLAN 1 Authentication Server Authentication Agent Logon and establish access privileges Instruct network to connect user to target VLAN(s) User is connected to target VLAN(s) Target VLAN n Target VLAN n Firewall Network The Internet 1 1 2 2 3 3

57. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 57 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 57 Buffer management and Traffic Management: Throughput and QoS tBuffer management and traffic management determine: o Variety of traffic types supported, e.g., from bursty LAN to isochronous voice and video traffic o What traffic enters the network, at what rate, and whether the traffic gets to its destination(s) o Actual throughput seen by the users o Quality of service seen by the users tImportant characteristics: o Large, efficiently managed cell buffers o Robust traffic control

58. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 58 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 58 Current ATM switches  Existing ATM switches were developed based on the following assumptions:  there would be an even mix of voice, video and data traffic  data traffic in the network would adhere to the 80/20 rule  ATM end systems, such as routers, LAN switches and NICs would behave and shape their traffic  networks would be ATM end-to-end Departmental LANs, 80 / 20

59. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 59 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 59 ATM switch requirements  New requirements for ATM switches:  massive buffer capacity  very high capacity  massive buffer capacity, policing, statistics  A mix of LAN, WAN and ATM interfaces  What has turned out to be the case:  ATM premise networks are virtually 100% bursty data  the rule is now 20/80, the majority of traffic traverses the backbone  Edge devices do not shape traffic or respond to congestion indicators  Client stations are legacy LANs, the backbone is ATM

60. Int. Ref : Infraste.PPT Page 60 T E L E C O M 東吳大學 二代高速校園網路工程簡報資料 60 An ATM solution...  The ATM Forum specifications are defined…  UNI 3.1, Traffic Management 4.0, PNNI, LAN Emulation...  Unfortunately, most of today’s ATM solutions don’t... Integrate LAN, ATM and WAN access switching Provide high throughput to handle today’s distribution of traffic, I.e., 95% bursty LAN data, and tomorrow’s Enable scalable and highly available ATM backbone Provide comprehensive, redundant LAN-to-ATM internetworking Integrate low-cost, high performance routing Support the ATM Forum standards to be a viable, long-term solution