1. Healthy Communities Steve Johnson Urban Studies and Planning Winter, 2010

7. Built (Urban) Environment Land Use Patterns Urban Design Transportation Activities Patterns Public Health Food Nature

8. Modifiable Behaviors Associated with Deaths, US, 1990 Three hundred thousand!

9. What is needed for healthy change? Proactive encouragement by health care providers Changes in individual behavior Community designs that make walking & biking safe, easy & enjoyable!

10. Urban Form--19th Century Crowded Dirty Polluted Smelly Noisy Dangerous

11. Stages of Urban Reformation Health Reformers, 19th century Housing Reform, progressive era Garden Cities/City Beautiful Health, Safety, Welfare--Zoning Innovation Post World War II Cities Burning (1960s) Housing and Community Development Movement Urban Villages/New urbanism (1990s--)

12. Urban Form Today Decentralized Dispersed Separated land uses Auto-centric transportation networks

13. The costs of privatization (Fortress America article) Society has promoted growth of individualism at expense of inter-group tolerance and public civility. what can happen is that segregated communities are created that have limited capacity to bridge to other communities and political power, while being able to take care of each other.

14. Characteristics of urban Social Life More separation between private and public life More separation also in private homes Growth of individualism at expense of intergroup tolerance and public civility Americans spend less than 1 hour outdoor everyday

15. Place Matters We are urbanizing. In 25 years 2/3 of us will live in cities (worldwide) Many of us live in placeless world Place is physical, cultural, social and mental All places have some risk and hazards Physical, social, and psychological Place does matter, more for some than others

16. Ecologies of Disadvantage Being in the wrong place may be a function of social structure While placeless, some of us live in Medieval-like gated or walled communities Birmingham case—not having the social or political capital to change the situation

17. Disturbing Trends Mortality rate for urban children increased by 50% between 1980 and 1988. Residents in 100 largest cities, twice as often victims of crime and murder rates also twice as high Infant mortality rate 25% higher in 100 largest cities Of 880 most disadvantaged neighborhoods, 99% in cities 40% of urban children below poverty level 30% to 50% of city children inadequately immunized

18. New forms of Segregation and Isolation Inner city neighborhoods that are more isolated and less capable of “taking care of themselves.

19. Segregation and Health Risks Segregation ensures that neighborhoods with limited resources for protection against risk will be particularly vulnerable since their isolation restricts their access to the range of resources available in the larger community.

20. Social Organization Needed Prevalence, strength and interlocking nature of social networks Degree to which neighbors take personal responsibility for neigh. Problems Extent of surveillance done by neighbors Participation in voluntary organizations tied to neighborhood and broader community

21. What is social capital? If physical capital is wholly tangible, being embodied in observable material form, and human capital is less tangible, being embodied in the skills and knowledge acquired by an individual, social capital is less tangible yet, for it exists in the relations among persons. Example, a park that is safe in a neighborhood vs. having to secure it with police

22. Bridging and Bonding Social Capital Difference between bridging (or inclusive) and bonding (or exclusive) social capital Bonding capital constitutes a kind of sociological super-glue, whereas bridging social capital provides a sociological WD-40

23. Zoning Today’s dominate urban form results from implementation of zoning based on: health--low density is healthier; and on Economic segregation--including separation of apartments from houses, as a way of saving the early suburban developments. Zoning is based on the policing powers of government

24. Automobile Society Autos account (in USA) for 86% of all person trips; walking only 5% Non-motorists tend to be younger, less educated, poorer and live in urbanized areas But not so much in other countries Reasons: gas price, urban form, safety, public incentives

25. Mode Split Comparison: Europe and North America data 1990 or later Netherlands Denmark Germany (western) Switzerland Sweden Austria Germany (eastern) England & Wales France Italy Canada U.S.A. 0 20 40 60 80 100 BicycleWalkTransitAuto

26. Mode Split in Selected German Cities compared to Portland by Population Munich Cologne Essen Stuttgart Dusseldorf Bremen Hannover PORTLAND Nuremberg Meunster Kassel Freiberg 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% BicycleTransitWalkAuto Larger population than Portland Smaller population than Portland

27. Mode Split in the Netherlands by Trip Distance BicycleTransitWalkAuto Source: Statistics Netherlands, National Travel Survey, 1996 40% 26% 7% 40% 0-1.51.5-33-4.5>4.5All Trips Distance (miles) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% Percentage 29%

28. Travel Choices by Adults: Netherlands, Germany, USA 18-2425-3940-6465-7475+18-4445-6465-7475+16-2425-3940-6465+ 0% 20% 60% 80% 100% Private Car Public Transport Bicycle Walk The NetherlandsGermanyUSA 40% 50% of people over 75 walk or bike

29. Frank--Interventions Some of the most prevalent forms of disease today can be prevented or at least lessened through moderate physical activity Surgeon general 1996--moderate activities like walking and biking can have significant health outcomes But only 1 in 3 adults (USA) engages in regular, sustained exercise to meet the public health recommendations Structured physical regimes may have better effect on health, but are also more difficult for people to maintain Small interventions can help--stairs instead of elevators, safe biking to school, etc. People more likely to continue long term with moderate interventions, esp. ones that also have practical outcomes

30. “Automobile trips that can be safely replaced by walking or bicycling offer the first target for increased physical activity in communities.” Dr. Jeffrey Koplan, Dr. William Dietz, CDC Why Walking and Bicycling?

31. What about children going to school? Only 31% of trips under 1 mile are by walking Only 2% of trips under 2 miles are by bicycling

32. How do we create Active Community Environments? Development patterns that improve the walking & biking environment Street designs that improve pedestrian & bicycle convenience, comfort & safety

33. Special Needs Groups--Children nearly 40% of all high school seniors do not meet health guidelines for physical activity, down from 9th graders (72%) children today don't walk to school, 10% down from almost half 30 years ago While playgrounds are important, children do like to play in the neighborhood, and on streets in typical suburban areas the street may be better to play in (cul-de-sacs) but the linkages to other play areas and schools and other destinations not

34. Special Needs groups--Elderly walking important exercise for elderly and can be important social one as well Elder use cars because of safety concerns and in suburban areas not practical for utilitarian trips in some other countries the elder do make more use of walking

35. Special Needs Groups--Poor Have less leisure time Less discretionary income Fewer parks and recreation Rely more on walking/bus but can’t reach all services Safety concerns in some areas

36. Fitzpatrick: Space and Place (chapter 2) Space is the physical area we live in While place is physical, cultural and mental and the “perception of one’s place in the world.”

37. Spatial needs of humans Food Water Shelter Privacy/personal space Access to social interaction Safe and defensible space

38. Health greatly affected by Life chances (Social status etc.) Exposure to Risk Influence of sub cultures Social Support Networks

39. Spatial needs in and Outside Home Crowding is not just a matter of number of people (Pearl District is dense but is it crowded?) High density inside homes is not the same as in a neighborhood Children may play outside more Hierarchy sometimes becomes the rule in crowded households

40. Importance of Social Networks People with good social networks have better health Urban design effects social interactions (front porches for example) Other elements (e.g., creating indefensible space) of neighborhood can impact other social and individual developments Insecure environments impede some basic human development traits like: affiliation, esteem, cognitive development

41. In a nutshell If people can not develop sense of place, home, and territory, it effects their psychological and social development, and livability of communities

42. Basic Elements Transportation Is it high or low connectivity Is it continuous or fragmented Land Use density and mixture of use Urban Design safety and attractiveness

43. Transportation: Main points Three types of urban transportation systems: organic, grid, hierarchical City building and rebuilding, until recently “new” communities not retrofit Biking: recreational or serious commuting, integrated or separate Transit systems: need for density and mixed use to be effective

44. Land Use Two things Americans hate: density and sprawl Important to know how many end destinations in an area or how far and frequent to other destinations Mixed use has many advantages but difficult to retrofit suburbs Job housing mix important for urban form but difficult to assess and change

45. Conceptual and Practical Problems in Urban Design Divergent requirements in physical design Difficult to research people’s transportation and housing needs and desires Residential self selection may mean pedestrian friendly areas dominated by pedestrian-bike oriented people We don’t have experience living in quality high density (suburban ideals)

46. Speakers Don’t Forget you maybe responsible for content of speakers and class discussions.

47. Urban Food Systems and Food Security—Growing Gardens

48. Framing the Food System Issues basic need/right Food commodity diversified farm/selfProduction factory varied Marketssupermarkets localized Economyinternationalized fresh options Healthprocessed stable individual Control corporate responsive Sustainability rigid

49. Opportunities to Localize Food (basic need/right) Production (diversified farm/self) Markets (varied) Economy (localized) Health (fresh options) Control (individual/local government) Sustainability (responsive) Equal access- local livable wage Farms, gardens, market gardens Farmers’ Markets, Farmstands, CSA, restaurants Inputs, labor force, reinvestment, local market incentives Increased choice, more information, education More influence/policy/zoning laws Policy and Economic

50. Framing Food Security ANTI-HUNGER FOOD SECURITY Treatment Model Prevention Individual/HouseholdUnitCommunity Shorter Term Time frameLonger Term Emergency Food Focus Food System Commodities/Cheap Food Agriculture ImpactFair wage/Local

51. How to Facilitate Urban Food Security Research (equity atlas) Farmer’s markets Community gardens Farm to School programs Farmer to Restaurant School Gardens Community Supported Farms Attracting right grocery or other food outlets Consumer power: buy local/organic Farm and food education centers Policy groups to change zoning, public investment, research

52. Food Policy Examples Transportation: bus routes/grocery racks on transit/ride-share supermarket vans Urban Design: limit traditional yardscapes in favor of edible urban parks/gardens Economic Development: supermarket siting, local food industry promotion Affordable Housing: rooftop gardens, community/apartment/container gardens

53. Sisters of the Road A model entrepreneurial social service and multi-faceted intervention Providing a helping hand as well as changing conditions through policy work

54. Mike Houck--Greenspaces

55. Regional Greenspaces System

56. Nature

57. Areas for recreation and leisure

58. Public spaces that bring people together and connect them to their community

59. The System Promotes Human Health, Fitness, and Well-being

60. Trails and greenways are a fundamental infrastructure actively used to augment transportation networks and link parks, natural areas, waterways, public facilities, neighborhoods, and regional centers. Powerline Trail Beaverton Rock Creek Trail Hillsboro Springwater on the Willamette

61. Regional Trails and Greenways