1. Audio Medium & Scripting

2. Audio Medium • 9% Writing • 16% Reading • 30% Speaking • 45% Listening Aural Communication Behavior Communication represents 70% of our waking hours. Based on a Study by Paul Rankon at Ohio State University 75% Creating and Interpreting Aural Messages }

3. Audio Medium Definitions • Oral = spoken • Aural = perceived by the ear Aural Literacy: The learned ability to interpret and to create aural messages using appropriate signs to achieve a desired outcome.

4. Audio Medium Hearing and Listening • HEARING: A Physiological Process Sound Waves–Vibrations–Nerve Impulses • LISTENING: A Psychological Process Awareness–Identification Recognition–Comprehension

5. Audio Medium Advantages of Aural Media • Inexpensive • Readily Available • Easy to Use/Portable • Group or Individual Use • Adds Interest • Non-verbal Messages

6. Audio Medium Limitations of Aural Media • Fixed Speed and Sequence • Audience May Hear but Not Listen • Production Can Be Expensive • Production Skills/Time Consuming • Limited Audience Concentration

7. Audio Medium Planning (Designing) Aural Messages • the audience • the subject matter • the desired outcomes • method of presentation Considerations in Planning Aural Messages

8. Audio Medium Outcomes • Cognitive - recognizing/discriminating • Psychomotor - respond to oral commands, voice traning • Affective - set mood, manage feelings, stress

9. Audio Medium Aural Sign System Elements • Pitch • Loudness • Tempo

10. Audio Medium Aural Sign System Signs • Voice • Sound Effects/Natural Sounds • Music • Silence

11. Audio Medium Voice • Narration (“Voice-over”) • Dialog

12. Audio Medium Sound Effects/Natural Sounds • Define Space • Establish Locale • Emphasize/Intensify Action • Set Pace • Unify by Transition

13. Audio Medium Music • Establish Locale • Emphasize Action • Set Pace • Provide Counterpoint • Provide Transition • Evoke Atmosphere/Mood

14. Audio Medium Design Guidlines • Cue • Clear/Concise • Advance Organizer • Concurrent Organizer • Summary • Variety • Particpation • Repitition

15. Audio Medium Script Writing • Goal: To be understood! • Idea/Outcomes/Content • Treatment ¦Descriptive Synopsis of Presentation ¦Beginning, Flow, Ending ¦Overall Structure–motivators, organizers, presentation, transitions, review, closing

16. Audio Medium Script Writing • Write to be HEARD • Write to your audience • Clear organization, message • Simple Sentences–to the point • Use pauses & other audio sources • Avoid distracting language • Active voice Selected Principles

17. Audio Medium Script Writing–Active Voice • Passive Voice: “An ordinance that extended swimming pool hours was passed by the City Council after it was pressured by a group of parents.” • Active Voice: “Pressured by a group of parents, the City Council extended swimming pool hours.”

18. Audio Medium Script Writing A Comprehension Check Syllables per 100 words 100-130 Easy 131-160 Average 161- up Difficult

19. Audio Medium Script Writing with Visuals • Audience Hears Once • Use Pauses • Audio Pacing • No Visual Description • No Reference to Medium

20. Audio Medium Script Writing with Visuals • No Abbreviations • Upper/Lower Case • New Page/New Sentence • Read Aloud • Rewrite

21. Audio Medium Picture the Visual Image • Treatment • Function • Visual Pacing • Sequences • Esthetics • Practicality • Audience

22. Audio Medium Sketch Image on Script Paper

23. Audio Medium Visual Production Notes • LS: Long Shot • MLS: Medium Long Shot • MS: Medium Shot • MCU: Medium Close-Up • CU: Close-Up • ECU: Extreme Close-Up

24. Audio Medium Visual Production Notes • Effect: cut-diss-wipe-fade • Brief Description • Other Relevant Information

25. Audio Medium Audio Production Notes • Start/End Audio Segment • Fade up, Fade out, Hold Under • Audio, Source, Location • Other Relevant Information

26. Audio Medium Script Visualization Principles • Clear & Uncomplicated • Visually Relate Images • Movements, Viewpoints • Transitions • Review

27. Audio Medium Presenting Audio Recordings • Playback Formats • Cassette • CD • Systems • Amplification • Balance/Modification • Speakers/Feedback • Techniques • Cueing • Control Levels • DAT • Reel Tape • Cartridge

28. Audio Medium Audio Recording– System Components • Microphone • Playback • Mixer • Recorder • Speaker/Headphones

29. Audio Medium MediaLab Audio Booth Recorder Playback Cassette Playback 1 2 3 4 Microphone Playback Turntable 5 1 2436M Mixer 5 CD

30. Audio Medium Producing Audio Recordings Audio Booth Training MediaLab MediaLab Instructional Technology and Development Center

31. Audio Medium Audio Tape Synchronization

32. Audio Medium Audio Recording Formats • Cassette • CD • DAT • Reel Tape • Cartridge • Records