1. Technological and Environmental Transformations 8000BCE-600BCE

2. Big Geography and Peopling of the Earth  Big Geography- demography global nature of world history  Peopling of the Earth Early migrations – “Out of Africa” Thesis Hunter/forager societies – more egalitarian

4. During the Paleolithic Era, hunting-foraging bands of humans migrated …  To……  Push/Pull Factors  Cultural Diffusion  Myth of Continents

5. FIRE  Hunting  Foraging  Protection against predators  Adapt to cold environments

6. TOOLS  Wood  Bone  STONE….hence….the Stone Age Paleolithic – Old Stone Age Neolithic – New Stone Age

7. Economic Structures  Hunting/foraging bands  Nomadic  Cultural diffusion still occurred

8. Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies  Settled agriculture appeared in several DIFFERENT parts of the world in isolation  More reliable (not diversified) food supply  MASSIVE impact on environment Cultivation of plants (exclusion of others) Irrigation systems Domestication of animals (food, labor) Population increase Family groups…villages…urbanization (ex: Jericho/Catal Huyuk) Patriarchy Forced Labor Systems

9. Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies  Pastoralism  Africa/Eurasia  Pastoralists ALSO more socially stratified than hunter-foragers (share that with Agriculturalists)  Conduit for technological change, as they interacted with settled populations

10. Neolithic Revolution  New and More complex economic and social systems  Climate change?  Agriculturalists to ???? (map)  Pastoralists in grasslands  What crops?  Cooperative work…same…but different  Requires organization, stratification, concept of private property  Impact on the environment?

11. Agriculture/Pastoralism began to transform human societies  Reliable, abundant food supply  population increase  Specialization of labor  new social classes  elites  Technological improvements – pottery, plows, woven textiles, metallurgy (copper), wheels/wheeled vehicles  Elite groups accumulate wealth (new idea)  hierarchical social structure  patriarchy

12. The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral and Urban Societies  Civilization What is it? Why is the term controversial?  Competition

13. Core and Foundational civilizations develop in a variety of geographical and environmental settings where agriculture flourished  Now where could that possibly be?

14. The first states emerged within core civilizations  States?  Examples: Mesopotamia Egypt Indus River Valley Ancient China Olmec Chavin

15.  States competed for land and resources Mesopotamia had lots of competition…why? Hittites (iron) Nubians (gold, copper, semiprecious stones) Mycenaeans (trade)

16. Empire Building  Mesopotamia  Babylonia  Nile Valley

17. Pastoralists developed and disseminated new weapons and modes of transportation  New Weapons – compound bows/iron weapons  New Modes of transportation – chariots/horseback riding

18. Culture played a significant role in unifying states through law, language, religion, myths and monumental art  Monumental Architecture Examples? How does this architecture unify populations? How does this architecture cement power?

19. Culture played a significant role in unifying states through law, language, religion, myths and monumental art  Elites(religious/political) promote arts and artisanship  Why?  Examples?  What does artisanship tell us about societies?

20. Culture played a significant role in unifying states through law, language, religion, myths and monumental art  Record keeping  Examples?  Purpose  Dissemination

21. Culture played a significant role in unifying states through law, language, religion, myths and monumental art  Legal Codes  Example ?  Purpose ?  What can we learn from legal codes?

22. Culture played a significant role in unifying states through law, language, religion, myths and monumental art  New Religious Beliefs  Animism  Ancestor worship  polytheism  Vedic  Hebrew Monotheism  Zoroastrianism

23. Culture played a significant role in unifying states through law, language, religion, myths and monumental art  Trade  Exchanging of goods…..and…  Local routes  Regional routes  Trans-regional routes

24. Culture played a significant role in unifying states through law, language, religion, myths and monumental art  Social and gender hierarchies intensified as states expanded and cities multiplied