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Technological and Environmental Transformations 8000BCE-600BCE
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Big Geography and Peopling of the Earth Big Geography- demography global nature of world history Peopling of the Earth Early migrations – “Out of Africa” Thesis Hunter/forager societies – more egalitarian
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During the Paleolithic Era, hunting-foraging bands of humans migrated … To…… Push/Pull Factors Cultural Diffusion Myth of Continents
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FIRE Hunting Foraging Protection against predators Adapt to cold environments
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TOOLS Wood Bone STONE….hence….the Stone Age Paleolithic – Old Stone Age Neolithic – New Stone Age
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Economic Structures Hunting/foraging bands Nomadic Cultural diffusion still occurred
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Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies Settled agriculture appeared in several DIFFERENT parts of the world in isolation More reliable (not diversified) food supply MASSIVE impact on environment Cultivation of plants (exclusion of others) Irrigation systems Domestication of animals (food, labor) Population increase Family groups…villages…urbanization (ex: Jericho/Catal Huyuk) Patriarchy Forced Labor Systems
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Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies Pastoralism Africa/Eurasia Pastoralists ALSO more socially stratified than hunter-foragers (share that with Agriculturalists) Conduit for technological change, as they interacted with settled populations
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Neolithic Revolution New and More complex economic and social systems Climate change? Agriculturalists to ???? (map) Pastoralists in grasslands What crops? Cooperative work…same…but different Requires organization, stratification, concept of private property Impact on the environment?
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Agriculture/Pastoralism began to transform human societies Reliable, abundant food supply population increase Specialization of labor new social classes elites Technological improvements – pottery, plows, woven textiles, metallurgy (copper), wheels/wheeled vehicles Elite groups accumulate wealth (new idea) hierarchical social structure patriarchy
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The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral and Urban Societies Civilization What is it? Why is the term controversial? Competition
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Core and Foundational civilizations develop in a variety of geographical and environmental settings where agriculture flourished Now where could that possibly be?
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The first states emerged within core civilizations States? Examples: Mesopotamia Egypt Indus River Valley Ancient China Olmec Chavin
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States competed for land and resources Mesopotamia had lots of competition…why? Hittites (iron) Nubians (gold, copper, semiprecious stones) Mycenaeans (trade)
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Empire Building Mesopotamia Babylonia Nile Valley
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Pastoralists developed and disseminated new weapons and modes of transportation New Weapons – compound bows/iron weapons New Modes of transportation – chariots/horseback riding
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Culture played a significant role in unifying states through law, language, religion, myths and monumental art Monumental Architecture Examples? How does this architecture unify populations? How does this architecture cement power?
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Culture played a significant role in unifying states through law, language, religion, myths and monumental art Elites(religious/political) promote arts and artisanship Why? Examples? What does artisanship tell us about societies?
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Culture played a significant role in unifying states through law, language, religion, myths and monumental art Record keeping Examples? Purpose Dissemination
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Culture played a significant role in unifying states through law, language, religion, myths and monumental art Legal Codes Example ? Purpose ? What can we learn from legal codes?
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Culture played a significant role in unifying states through law, language, religion, myths and monumental art New Religious Beliefs Animism Ancestor worship polytheism Vedic Hebrew Monotheism Zoroastrianism
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Culture played a significant role in unifying states through law, language, religion, myths and monumental art Trade Exchanging of goods…..and… Local routes Regional routes Trans-regional routes
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Culture played a significant role in unifying states through law, language, religion, myths and monumental art Social and gender hierarchies intensified as states expanded and cities multiplied
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