1. Chapter 1: Planet Ocean: A Historical Perspective

2. I) Early Exploration
Phoenicians are the first accomplished sea travelers in the West

3. Polynesians were the first regular, long-distance, open ocean seafarers

4. Greeks Pytheas Predicted tides by studying the moon
Figured out how far north or south one was by using the North Star BC

5. Greeks Eratosthenes Calculated Earth’s circumference
Invented the first latitude / longitude system BC

7. Greeks Aristotle 1st marine biologist Described many forms of sea lifeBC

8. Greeks Ptolemy 1st sphere map on flat paper
Improved latitude & longitude system BC

9. Latitude & Longitude: Latitude Parallel lines running east / west
Equator = 0O
Poles = 90O
Above equator = North
Below equator = South

10. Latitude & Longitude: Longitude
Intersecting Lines that begin at one pole and end at other
Prime Meridian = 0O
Opposite side = 180O
Right of PM = East
Left of PM = West

11. II) Middle Ages Vikings:
Raided, explored, & traded between 790 A.D
Leif Eriksson discovers Vinland & North America
995 AD

12. Arabs
Voyaged to E Africa, SE Asia, & India
Figured out wind patterns & currents (including monsoons)

13. Chinese First people to understand magnetism & use compasses
Developed central rudders & watertight compartments

14. III) European Voyages of Discovery
Columbus:
Rediscovers America in 1492
1451 – 1506 AD

15. Magellan:
First person to sail around the world
1480 – 1521 AD

17. IV) Beginning of Ocean Science
James Cook:
Explored all the oceans and began making scientific observations
Chronometer: clock that isn’t affected by waves, allowing one to accurately determine longitude

18. B) Edward Forbes Dredged ocean floor & discovered new sea creatures
“Father of modern oceanography”
1815 – 1854 AD

19. C) U.S. Exploring Expedition
AKA: Wilkes Expedition
Explored the southern Atlantic & Pacific oceans, discovering Antarctica
Included scientists & illustrators
1838– 1842 AD

20. D) Matthew Maury “Father of Physical Oceanography”
The Physical Geography of the Sea
Among 1st to envision worldwide patterns for surface winds and currents
1806– 1873 AD

21. E) Charles Darwin
Studied plankton & described the formation of coral reef atolls
1809 – 1882 AD

22. Challenger Expedition
Gathered biological, chemical, geological & physical data
Discovered Mid-Atlantic Ridge; Marianas Trench; over 4700 new species

23. V) Modern Marine Biology
Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole (Massachusetts) is established (1888)

24. The Scripps Institution of Oceanography is established (La Jolla, CA - 1924)

25. Meteor (1925-Germany) Atlantis (1931-USA)
Crossed Atlantic 14X, gathering biological, chemical, geological, & physical data
Atlantis (1931-USA)
1st ship designed & built for ocean exploration

26. Challenger II (1951-U.K.) Used SONAR to map ocean floor
WWII: for sub hunting
Based on the detection of underwater echoes
Allowed accurate mapping of oceanic floors

27. V) Modern Marine Biology
Submersibles:
William Beebe & Otis Barton develop bathysphere
Dove over 2000 feet off Bermuda in 1932

28. Submersibles: Deepest diving bathyscaphe
a) Trieste dives to bottom Challenger Deep (36000 feet)

29. Hard Hat Diving Developed by Augustus Siebe
Good for underwater labor, limited for underwater research

30. SCUBA: self contained underwater breathing apparatus
Developed after WWII by Emile Gagnan & Jacques Cousteau
First time one could study directly in the marine environment

31. Modern Scientific Ships (FLIP)
Submarines

32. Satellites
Remote Sensing

33. Critter cams

34. Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV)

35. Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV)

36. Global Positioning System (GPS)