1. Scientific Method: Case Study

2. Scientific Method Field Observations vs. Controlled Experiments 1.Field Observations (in situ) Natural setting Uncontrolled variables Examples? 2.Controlled Experiment (usually ex situ) Fewer uncontrolled variables Test one or a few variable(s) at a time Artificial setting (especially ex situ)

3. Scientific Method

4. History

5. A.Early History 1.Aristotle – Described forms, recognized gills 2.Explorers (Eriksson, Columbus, Magellan, Drake) – Learned about winds, currents, physical characteristics

6. History A.Early History 1.Cook (1768-1779) – Took full-time naturalist on crew 2.Darwin (1831-1836) – Sailed on HMS Beagle – Collected plankton – Proposed theory of coral atoll formation – Studied and described barnacles

7. History B.Oceanographic Expeditions Began in mid 1800s Edward Forbes (British) Father of Biological Oceanography Sampled sea floor life extensively First to recognize that different organisms are found at different depths Before Forbes’ time, many people regarded the deep ocean as azoic Early work by Rosses showed life on deep sea floor

8. History HMS Challenger Expedition: 1872 – 1876

9. Modern Marine Biology SONAR (SOund NAvigation Ranging) SCUBA (Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus)

10. Modern Marine Biology Marine Labs A.Stazione Zoologica (Naples) Founded in 1872 by German scientists B.Marine Biological Lab (Plymouth, England) Founded in 1879 C.Marine Biological Laboratory (Woods Hole) Established in 1888 D.Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SD) Opened in 1903 E.Hopkins Marine Station (CA) F.Friday Harbor Marine Laboratory (WA)

11. Modern Marine Biology Oceanographic Research Vessels R/V Thomas G. Thompson R/V FLIP DSV Alvin

12. Modern Marine Biology TheseusIFREMER AUV ROV Jason

13. Modern Marine Biology Remote Sensing

14. Geography