1. Use with Business Accounting and Finance Second Edition by Catherine Gowthorpe ISBN 1-84480-200-0 © 2005 Thomson Learning

2. Use with Business Accounting and Finance Second Edition by Catherine Gowthorpe ISBN 1-84480-200-0 © 2005 Thomson Learning Variable costs vary in line with the level of business activity Fixed costs do not vary with the level of business activity (true only up to a point) Stepped costs: where the business reaches the level of activity where a fixed cost must increase, the increase is sudden Semi-variable costs have both fixed and variable elements

3. Use with Business Accounting and Finance Second Edition by Catherine Gowthorpe ISBN 1-84480-200-0 © 2005 Thomson Learning

4. Use with Business Accounting and Finance Second Edition by Catherine Gowthorpe ISBN 1-84480-200-0 © 2005 Thomson Learning

5. Use with Business Accounting and Finance Second Edition by Catherine Gowthorpe ISBN 1-84480-200-0 © 2005 Thomson Learning

6. Use with Business Accounting and Finance Second Edition by Catherine Gowthorpe ISBN 1-84480-200-0 © 2005 Thomson Learning

7. Use with Business Accounting and Finance Second Edition by Catherine Gowthorpe ISBN 1-84480-200-0 © 2005 Thomson Learning In economics, a marginal cost is the cost of one additional item Marginal costing describes an approach to costing that excludes fixed costs Contribution refers to the amount that is left over after deducting variable costs from sales

8. Use with Business Accounting and Finance Second Edition by Catherine Gowthorpe ISBN 1-84480-200-0 © 2005 Thomson Learning

9. Use with Business Accounting and Finance Second Edition by Catherine Gowthorpe ISBN 1-84480-200-0 © 2005 Thomson Learning The break-even point is the point at which no profit or loss is made in a set of business transactions. For example:

10. Use with Business Accounting and Finance Second Edition by Catherine Gowthorpe ISBN 1-84480-200-0 © 2005 Thomson Learning It is important to understand the relationships between the level of business activity, the different types of cost, and profitability The analysis of the interaction of these factors is Cost-Volume-Profit analysis (CVP

11. Use with Business Accounting and Finance Second Edition by Catherine Gowthorpe ISBN 1-84480-200-0 © 2005 Thomson Learning

12. Use with Business Accounting and Finance Second Edition by Catherine Gowthorpe ISBN 1-84480-200-0 © 2005 Thomson Learning Add a line for sales revenue

13. Use with Business Accounting and Finance Second Edition by Catherine Gowthorpe ISBN 1-84480-200-0 © 2005 Thomson Learning We can work out break-even points using the relationship between sales and costs: Selling price per unit - variable costs per unit = contribution per unit

14. Use with Business Accounting and Finance Second Edition by Catherine Gowthorpe ISBN 1-84480-200-0 © 2005 Thomson Learning

15. Use with Business Accounting and Finance Second Edition by Catherine Gowthorpe ISBN 1-84480-200-0 © 2005 Thomson Learning Example: Mulberry Piggott Limited Selling price of a raincoat = £30 Variable costs = £10 per raincoat Expected fixed costs = £60 000 How many raincoats must the company sell to break even?

16. Use with Business Accounting and Finance Second Edition by Catherine Gowthorpe ISBN 1-84480-200-0 © 2005 Thomson Learning

17. Use with Business Accounting and Finance Second Edition by Catherine Gowthorpe ISBN 1-84480-200-0 © 2005 Thomson Learning Mulberry Piggott (continued): target profit = £30 000

18. Use with Business Accounting and Finance Second Edition by Catherine Gowthorpe ISBN 1-84480-200-0 © 2005 Thomson Learning Mulberry Piggott Limited

19. Use with Business Accounting and Finance Second Edition by Catherine Gowthorpe ISBN 1-84480-200-0 © 2005 Thomson Learning Mulberry Piggott Limited If projected sales of 4500 are realistic, and break even point is 3000 units, the margin of safety is:

20. Use with Business Accounting and Finance Second Edition by Catherine Gowthorpe ISBN 1-84480-200-0 © 2005 Thomson Learning Decision rule: if an order or a contract at a special price would produce a positive contribution to fixed costs, the order should be accepted BUT there are likely to be other factors relevant to the decision

21. Use with Business Accounting and Finance Second Edition by Catherine Gowthorpe ISBN 1-84480-200-0 © 2005 Thomson Learning If a business is considering major increases in activity levels it must take into account any likely increases in fixed costs If incremental revenues exceed incremental costs, the project should be accepted

22. Use with Business Accounting and Finance Second Edition by Catherine Gowthorpe ISBN 1-84480-200-0 © 2005 Thomson Learning Example: Spindrift & Schooner Limited Estimated effect of extending a boatyard

23. Use with Business Accounting and Finance Second Edition by Catherine Gowthorpe ISBN 1-84480-200-0 © 2005 Thomson Learning Limiting factors are constraints on sales or production, for example: a product may require specialist labour for which there is a shortage a product may require a material that is in short supply

24. Use with Business Accounting and Finance Second Edition by Catherine Gowthorpe ISBN 1-84480-200-0 © 2005 Thomson Learning Example: Crosthwaite and Crosby Limited Cost structures for three products

25. Use with Business Accounting and Finance Second Edition by Catherine Gowthorpe ISBN 1-84480-200-0 © 2005 Thomson Learning Example: Crosby and Crosthwaite Limited Product B gives the highest contribution, but labour is scarce. Which product provides the highest contribution per unit of limiting factor?

26. Use with Business Accounting and Finance Second Edition by Catherine Gowthorpe ISBN 1-84480-200-0 © 2005 Thomson Learning Example: Crosby and Crosthwaite Limited Product A gives the highest contribution per unit of limiting factor

27. Use with Business Accounting and Finance Second Edition by Catherine Gowthorpe ISBN 1-84480-200-0 © 2005 Thomson Learning Assumes that variable costs increase at a steady rate - assumption may not be valid Very few costs are truly variable Fixed costs remain fixed only up to a point Analysis more difficult in multi-product firms There may be other factors to take into account