2. Biology The Study of Life Biology Biology: The Study of Life

3. I.Branches of Biology specific areas of study Agriculture - study of producing crops from the land, with an emphasis on practical applications Anatomy - the study of the animal form, with an emphasis on human bodies Biochemistry - the study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function, usually a focus on the cellular level Bioengineering - the study of biology through the means of engineering with an emphasis on applied knowledge and especially related to biotechnology. Bioinformatics - also classified as a branch of information technology (IT) it is the study, collection, and storage of genomic data Biomathematics or Mathematical Biology - the study of biological processes through mathematics, with an emphasis on modeling Biomechanics - often considered a branch of medicine, the study of the mechanics of living beings, with an emphasis on applied use through artificial limbs, etc. Biophysics - the study of biological processes through physics, by applying the theories and methods traditionally used in the physical sciences Biotechnology - a new and sometimes controversial branch of biology that studies the manipulation of living matter, including genetic modification Botany - the study of plants Cell Biology - the study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical interactions that occur within a living cell. Conservation Biology - the study of the preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment, natural ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlife Cryobiology - the study of the effects of lower than normally preferred temperatures on living beings. Developmental Biology - the study of the processes through which an organism develops, from zygote to full structure. Ecology - the study of the ecosystem as a complete unit, with an emphasis on how species and groups of species interact with other living beings and non-living elements. Entomology - the study of insects Environmental Biology - the study of the natural world, as a whole or in a particular area, especially as affected by human activity Epidemiology - a major component of public health research, it is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations Ethnology - the study of animal behavior Evolution or Evolutionary Biology - the study of the origin and decent of species over time Genetics - the study of genes and heredity. Herpetology - the study of reptiles (and amphibians?) Histology - The study of cells and tissue, a microscopic branch of anatomy. Ichthyology - the study of fish Macrobiology - the study of biology on the level of the macroscopic individual (plant, animal, or other living being) as a complete unit. Mammology - the study of mammals Marine Biology - the study of ocean ecosystems, plants, animals, and other living beings.Medicine - the study of the human body in health and disease, with allopathic medicine focusing on alleviating or curing the body from states of disease Microbiology - the study of microscopic organisms (microorganisms) and their interactions with other living things Molecular Biology - the study of biology and biological functions at the molecular level, some cross over with biochemistry Mycology - the study of fungi Neurobiology - the study of the nervous system, including anatomy, physiology, even pathology Oceanography - the study of the ocean, including ocean life, environment, geography, weather, and other aspects influencing the ocean. See Marine Biology Ornithology - the study of birds Paleontology - the study of fossils and sometimes geographic evidence of prehistoric life Pathobiology or pathology - the study of diseases, and the causes, processes, nature, and development of disease Parisitology - the study of parasites and parasitism Pharmacology - the study and practical application of preparation, use, and effects of drugs and synthetic medicines. Physiology - the study of the functioning of living organisms and the organs and parts of living organisms Phytopathology - the study of plant diseases Pre-medicine - a college major that covers the general aspects of biology as well as specific classes relevant to the study of medicine Virology - the study of viruses and some other virus-like agents, usually considered part of microbiology or pathology Zoology - the study of animals and animal life, including classification, physiology, development, and behavior (See also Entomology, Ethology, Herpetology, Ichthyology, Mammology, Ornithology Agriculture - study of producing crops from the land, with an emphasis on practical applications Anatomy - the study of the animal form, with an emphasis on human bodies Biochemistry - the study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function, usually a focus on the cellular level Bioengineering - the study of biology through the means of engineering with an emphasis on applied knowledge and especially related to biotechnology. Bioinformatics - also classified as a branch of information technology (IT) it is the study, collection, and storage of genomic data Biomathematics or Mathematical Biology - the study of biological processes through mathematics, with an emphasis on modeling Biomechanics - often considered a branch of medicine, the study of the mechanics of living beings, with an emphasis on applied use through artificial limbs, etc. Biophysics - the study of biological processes through physics, by applying the theories and methods traditionally used in the physical sciences Biotechnology - a new and sometimes controversial branch of biology that studies the manipulation of living matter, including genetic modification Botany - the study of plants Cell Biology - the study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical interactions that occur within a living cell. Conservation Biology - the study of the preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment, natural ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlife Cryobiology - the study of the effects of lower than normally preferred temperatures on living beings. Developmental Biology - the study of the processes through which an organism develops, from zygote to full structure. Ecology - the study of the ecosystem as a complete unit, with an emphasis on how species and groups of species interact with other living beings and non-living elements. Entomology - the study of insects Environmental Biology - the study of the natural world, as a whole or in a particular area, especially as affected by human activity Epidemiology - a major component of public health research, it is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations Ethnology - the study of animal behavior Evolution or Evolutionary Biology - the study of the origin and decent of species over time Genetics - the study of genes and heredity. Herpetology - the study of reptiles (and amphibians?) Histology - The study of cells and tissue, a microscopic branch of anatomy. Ichthyology - the study of fish Macrobiology - the study of biology on the level of the macroscopic individual (plant, animal, or other living being) as a complete unit. Mammology - the study of mammals Marine Biology - the study of ocean ecosystems, plants, animals, and other living beings.Medicine - the study of the human body in health and disease, with allopathic medicine focusing on alleviating or curing the body from states of disease Microbiology - the study of microscopic organisms (microorganisms) and their interactions with other living things Molecular Biology - the study of biology and biological functions at the molecular level, some cross over with biochemistry Mycology - the study of fungi Neurobiology - the study of the nervous system, including anatomy, physiology, even pathology Oceanography - the study of the ocean, including ocean life, environment, geography, weather, and other aspects influencing the ocean. See Marine Biology Ornithology - the study of birds Paleontology - the study of fossils and sometimes geographic evidence of prehistoric life Pathobiology or pathology - the study of diseases, and the causes, processes, nature, and development of disease Parisitology - the study of parasites and parasitism Pharmacology - the study and practical application of preparation, use, and effects of drugs and synthetic medicines. Physiology - the study of the functioning of living organisms and the organs and parts of living organisms Phytopathology - the study of plant diseases Pre-medicine - a college major that covers the general aspects of biology as well as specific classes relevant to the study of medicine Virology - the study of viruses and some other virus-like agents, usually considered part of microbiology or pathology Zoology - the study of animals and animal life, including classification, physiology, development, and behavior (See also Entomology, Ethology, Herpetology, Ichthyology, Mammology, Ornithology

4. II.Characteristics of Life Living things….  1. Are made of cells  2. Reproduce  3. Are based on a Universal Genetic code  4. Grow and Develop  5. Obtain and use materials and energy  6. Respond to their environment  7. Maintain a stable internal environment  8. Taken as a group living things change over time ( evolve)  To be considered a living organism, all 8 must be done  1. Are made of cells  2. Reproduce  3. Are based on a Universal Genetic code  4. Grow and Develop  5. Obtain and use materials and energy  6. Respond to their environment  7. Maintain a stable internal environment  8. Taken as a group living things change over time ( evolve)  To be considered a living organism, all 8 must be done

5. A. Cells *Smallest unit of an organism that is considered alive 1. unicellular- one cell 2. multi-cellular- more then one cell 3. There are many different types of cells in a multicellular organism but all derived from one cell. This process is known as cell differentiation. *Smallest unit of an organism that is considered alive 1. unicellular- one cell 2. multi-cellular- more then one cell 3. There are many different types of cells in a multicellular organism but all derived from one cell. This process is known as cell differentiation.

6. B. Reproduction *Process by which new organisms are produced 1. 2 Main Types a.*Sexual Reproduction= 2 cells from diff. parents unite to produce the first cell b.*Asexual Reproduction= New organism has only one parent. i. Binary Fission=Splitting (Bacteria) ii. Budding= growing offspring off parent and eventually separating to become and independent organism. (Hydra, Coral, Sea Anemones…) *Process by which new organisms are produced 1. 2 Main Types a.*Sexual Reproduction= 2 cells from diff. parents unite to produce the first cell b.*Asexual Reproduction= New organism has only one parent. i. Binary Fission=Splitting (Bacteria) ii. Budding= growing offspring off parent and eventually separating to become and independent organism. (Hydra, Coral, Sea Anemones…)

7. C. The Universal Code *All organism use the same basic code to pass information and control heredity 1. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid a. From Bacteria to Blue Whales, the letters of the code are the same (A, T, C, G) *All organism use the same basic code to pass information and control heredity 1. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid a. From Bacteria to Blue Whales, the letters of the code are the same (A, T, C, G)

8. D. Grow and Develop 1. Growth: Increase in size and number of cells 2. Development: Changes that occur to an organism as it grows from a single cell to a multicellar organism a. Cellular Differentiation, Metamorphosis, Puberty… 1. Growth: Increase in size and number of cells 2. Development: Changes that occur to an organism as it grows from a single cell to a multicellar organism a. Cellular Differentiation, Metamorphosis, Puberty…

9. E. Energy * Required by all organisms to power lifes functions 1. Autotroph: Organism that can make its own food a. photosynthesis: process of converting light energy into stored energy in the form of glucose b. chemosynthesis: process of converting inorganic molecules into stored energy in the form of food 2. Heterotroph: Organism that must eat other organisms for energy a. Respiration: the process of converting breaking glucose molecules to obtain the energy stored in bonds. 3. Metabolism:The chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it lives. * Required by all organisms to power lifes functions 1. Autotroph: Organism that can make its own food a. photosynthesis: process of converting light energy into stored energy in the form of glucose b. chemosynthesis: process of converting inorganic molecules into stored energy in the form of food 2. Heterotroph: Organism that must eat other organisms for energy a. Respiration: the process of converting breaking glucose molecules to obtain the energy stored in bonds. 3. Metabolism:The chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it lives.

10. F. Response to Environment  Stimulus: Signal organism responds to such as…  pH  Sunlight  Sound  Smell  Sight  Touch  Taste  Chemicals  Hormones  Temperature  Moisture  Stimulus: Signal organism responds to such as…  pH  Sunlight  Sound  Smell  Sight  Touch  Taste  Chemicals  Hormones  Temperature  Moisture

11. G. Homeostasis *Maintaining a stable Internal Environment 1. Feedback Mechanisms  Sweating (too hot)  Shivering (too cold)  Exhaling (too much Carbon Dioxide) *Maintaining a stable Internal Environment 1. Feedback Mechanisms  Sweating (too hot)  Shivering (too cold)  Exhaling (too much Carbon Dioxide)

12. H. Evolution *Change over time 1. Individuals do not evolve, populations evolve *Change over time 1. Individuals do not evolve, populations evolve

13. Review Time Living Things  1. Are made of cells  2. Reproduce  3. Are based on a Universal Genetic code  4. Grow and Develop  5. Obtain and use materials and energy  6. Respond to their environment  7. Maintain a stable internal environment  8. Taken as a group living things change over time ( evolve)  1. Are made of cells  2. Reproduce  3. Are based on a Universal Genetic code  4. Grow and Develop  5. Obtain and use materials and energy  6. Respond to their environment  7. Maintain a stable internal environment  8. Taken as a group living things change over time ( evolve)