1. Chapter 1:
The Science of Life

2. Biology – The study of life
Organism – Anything capable of carrying on life processes
Branches of biology –
There are many subtopics within biology – a few examples we’ll hit upon this year:

3. Biochemistry – Chemical substances and processes in organisms
Genetics – Inheritance – passing of traits from one generation to next
Evolution – Change in organisms over time
Cell biology – Cell structure and function
Zoology – Animals
Anatomy – Structures of organisms
Physiology – Functions, activities, and processes of organisms
Ecology – Interactions of organisms and environment

4. Characteristics of Life
Made of cells
Can be unicellular or multicellular
Multicellular organisms - more than 1 cell
Cells in these organisms are considered specialized (have certain jobs)
Examples: some fungus, plants, and animals

5. Unicellular organisms - one cell
1 cell does all jobs for organism
Examples: bacteria, protists, and some fungus

6. 2. Organization – levels of organization vary based on how complex the organism is
In general: cells tissues  organs  organ systems  organisms
Cells are the smallest unit of life, organisms the biggest

8. 3. Living things use energy
Heterotrophs are organisms that obtain nutrients from food eaten
Ex: some bacteria and protists, fungus, & animals
Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food through photosynthesis
Ex: plants, some protists, and some bacteria

9. 4. Homeostasis
Maintaining (relatively) constant internal conditions (such as body temperature, pH, blood pressure, water balance) regardless of external changes
Examples: sweating or shivering to maintain body temperature

10. 5. Living things grow and develop
Growth – an increase in the number of cells/ increase in the size
Example – getting taller
Development – Changes an organism undergoes to reach adult form
Example – baby  kid  teen  adult

11. 6. Living things reproduce
Reproduction – production of offspring
Prevents extinction of species
Can be sexual or asexual

12. Asexual reproduction – only 1 parent; offspring has DNA identical to parent
Sexual reproduction – 2 parents, each parent contributes ½ genetic information to offspring; offspring has mixed traits from parents

13. Classification
Taxonomy – The science of identifying, classifying, and naming organisms
Taxa –the categories into which organisms are classified   

14. The taxa:
Kingdom
Phylum (Division for plants)
Class
Order
Family
Genus 
Species
King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti

17. Why can’t we just use common names?
Not very specific
Ex: What KIND of frog?
Misleading
Ex: Jellyfish is NOT a fish, ringworm is NOT a worm
Vary by language and geography
Ex: Puma, mountain lion, and cougar are ALL the same animal!

18. What was wrong with the early systems of classification?
Forgot to include bacteria, fungus and protists
Failed to show proper relationships between organisms
Too general – ex. Aristotle classified animals by where they lived (air, land, or water)

19.  Modern system of classification:
Based in part on Carolus Linnaeus’ system of binomial nomenclature (“two names”)
Grouped according to physical features and their evolutionary history (phylogeny)
Those placed in the same genus will be most closely related, those in different kingdoms most distantly related
Ex: Those in genus Felis are more closely related to each other than organisms in the Kingdoms Plantae and Animalia are to each other.

20. Writing scientific names:
Ex: Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens
Can be abbreviated H. sapiens
If typed – should be italicized.
If handwritten – should be underlined.
First word is genus – capitalized
Second word is species - lower case