1. © CSE and ASE 2011 This page may have been changed from the original New antibiotics STUDENT SHEETS beta version Title sheet

2. © CSE and ASE 2011 2 SS1Health minister briefingConsumable – 1 per pair SS2Bacteria info sheetReusable – 1 per pair SS3Cockroach labReusable - 6 per class of 30 SS4Honey labReusable – 6 per class of 30 SS5Silver nanoparticle labReusable – 6 per class of 30 SS6Reasoner lifelineReusable – 1 per pair Sheet number Title Notes Contents

3. © CSE and ASE 2011 SS1 Health minister briefing genes Mon Tues Wed Thurs Fri 1 What are drug-resistant bacteria? 2 How do drug-resistant bacteria develop? 3 Why do drug-resistant bacteria spread so fast? Only kills this type of bacteria bacteria in Sam Sam takes an antibiotic SS1

4. © CSE and ASE 2011 Bacteria info sheet 2 How do drug-resistant bacteria develop? Sometimes, the genes in bacteria change, or mutate. This happens naturally. Most mutations are not useful to bacteria, but occasionally they make bacteria resist antibiotics. Sam has a throat infection. He takes antibiotic tablets. The antibiotic kills nearly all the bacteria. But a few bacteria – the resistant ones – survive. These bacteria reproduce rapidly. This is natural selection. Bacteria are more likely to become resistant if ● lots of people take antibiotics for minor illnesses ● if people don’t finish all the tablets ● if doctors prescribe the wrong antibiotics. SS2 3 Why do drug-resistant bacteria spread so fast? Resistant strains of bacteria spread quickly from person to person. This is because no one is immune to the bacteria, and there is no treatment that works. 1 What are drug-resistant bacteria? MRSA bacteria are harmless on your skin. But if they get in through a cut they may cause a fatal infection. Doctors fight most infections with antibiotics. Different antibiotics target different bacteria. But antibiotics cannot kill every type of bacteria that make us ill. These bacteria are resistant. Over the years, more and more types of bacteria – like MRSA – have become resistant to antibiotics. SS2

5. © CSE and ASE 2011 Research SS3 Cockroach lab 1 Scientist Simon Lee, UK Hypothesis Cockroach brain juice could cut MRSA infections in humans because it contains substances that kill bacteria. Investigation ● grow two types of bacteria on agar plates ● add cockroach brain juice and leave for two hours at 37 ºC. Type of bacteriaPercentage of bacteria killed MRSAMore than 90 Escherichia coliMore than 90 If an antibiotic kills 90% of the bacteria, your body’s immune system can kill the rest. Results Cockroach lab 2 Scientist U.M. Seraj, Bangladesh Hypothesis Cockroach brain juice could cut MRSA infections in humans because it contains substances that kill bacteria. Investigation ● grow different types of bacteria on agar plates ● add cockroach juice and leave overnight at 37 ºC. SS3 Zone of clearance (mm) Type of bacteria Results SS3

6. © CSE and ASE 2011 Honey lab 1 Scientist Arne Simon, Germany Research SS4 Hypothesis honey could cut MRSA infections in humans because it contains substances that destroy bacteria. Observations A 12-year old leukaemia patient had an MRSA-infected wound. Doctors treated the wound with antiseptic for 12 days. It did not get better. Then doctors treated the wound with Australian medical honey, made from Manuka flowers. Two days later, the wound had cleared up. Manuka flowers Honey lab 2 Hypothesis honey could cut MRSA infections in humans because it contains substances that destroy bacteria. Scientist Ahmed Sukari Halim, Malaysia. Investigation ● anaesthetise 36 rats, and make burn wounds on them ● infect the rat wounds with bacteria ● cover the wounds with honey SS4 © CSE and ASE 2011 Relative number of bacteria days after honey dressings applied SS4 Results

7. © CSE and ASE 2011 Silver nanoparticle lab Scientist Nilda Ayala-Nú ṅ ez, Mexico Investigation ● Add silver nanoparticles to resistant bacteria on agar plates. ● Leave for 24 hours at 35 ºC. Type of resistant bacteria Percentage of bacteria destroyed after 24 hours S. pyogenes99.7 P. aerugionosa92.8 E. coli95.7 Hypothesis silver nanoparticles could cut MRSA infections in humans because they contain substances that destroy bacteria.. Results If an antibiotic kills 90% of the bacteria, your body’s immune system can kill the rest. SS5

8. © CSE and ASE 2011 SS6 Reasoner LIFELINE NO support Is there any evidence to support the claim*? Explain HOW WELL the evidence supports the claim* overall. Explain why the evidence opposes the claim* or is irrelevant. Suggest a different claim* that fits the evidence better. Suggest a test to make the claim stronger. Describe the results you expect if the claim* is correct. Does each piece of evidence support the claim*? CHECK EVIDENCE SUMMARISE Say the claim* could be wrong. Suggest a claim that fits the evidence better. A LITTLE support Yes A LOT of support Yes No More than 1 piece of evidence1 piece of evidence NEXT STEPS * or hypothesis Use this lifeline to make conclusions from the lab data Start here

9. technical notes Technical note ● we ‘embedded’ two fonts to make the design work (it’s why the file is big) Titles should look like this Body text should look like this ● if they don’t appear correctly, you can download and install the fonts in 2 minutes: Download title font (dirt2stickler) from www.dafont.com/dirt2-stickler.fontwww.dafont.com/dirt2-stickler.font Download text font (Am. typewriter) from www.jabroo.com/index/search/q/american+typewriter Note: Click ‘Register’www.jabroo.com/index/search/q/american+typewriter at top, complete the form and you’ll be taken to the download page

10. PictureSlide Credit © Centre for Science Education & Association for Science Education 2011. The license for this material includes downloading and using it within the institution. For any other usage, permission must be obtained from upd8. Contact upd8@ase.org.uk upd8 is not responsible for any revision that may be made to the material after it has been downloaded. Gary Talbot, Writer Philippa Hulme, Editor Tony Sherborne, Executive editor Picture credits Credits Wound contraction effects and antibacterial properties of Tualang honey on full-thickness burn wounds in rats in comparison to hydrofibre. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2010; 10: 48. 6BMC – Complementary and Alternative Medicine.