1. Continuation From Chapter From Chapter 1
Two Types of Approaches
Data Oriented Approach
Process Oriented Approach

2. Process-Oriented Approach
Payroll
Processing
System
Project
Management
System
Tax
Data
Personnel
Data
Personnel
Data
Project
Data

3. Data-Oriented Approach
Payroll
Processing
System
Project
Management
System
Tax
Data
Personnel
Data
Project
Data

4. Database and Application Independence
Shared collection of logically related data
Centrally managed
Designed around subjects
Customers
Suppliers
Application Independence
Separation of data and definition of data from applications

5. Key Differences Between Process- and Data-oriented Approaches
Characteristic
Process-
Orientation
Data-
Design focus
What the
The data the
system is
system needs to
supposed to do
operate
and when

6. Key Differences Between Process- and Data-oriented approaches
Characteristic
Process-
Data-
Orientation
Orientation
Orientation
System stability
Limited, as
More enduring,
business
as the data
processes and
needs of an
the applications
organization do
that support
not change
them change
rapidly
constantly

7. Key Differences Between Process- and Data-oriented approaches
Characteristic
Process-
Data-
Orientation
Orientation
Data
Data files
Data files
organization
designed for
designed for
each individual
the enterprise
(integrated)
Application
(loosely coupled)

8. Key Differences Between Process- and Data-oriented approaches
Characteristic
Process-
Data-
Orientation
Orientation
Too much,
Limited,
Data stored
uncontrolled
controlled
duplication
duplication

9. Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Project ID and Selection
Proj. Initiation & Planning
Analysis
Logical Design
Physical Design
Implementation
Maintenance

10. Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Project ID and Selection
Proj. Initiation & Planning
Analysis
Logical Design
Physical Design
Implementation
Maintenance
Deliverable 1
Project Proposal

11. Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Project ID and Selection
Proj. Initiation & Planning
Analysis
Logical Design
Physical Design
Implementation
Maintenance
Deliverable 2
Require. Analysis
(Pre-ERD)

12. Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Project ID and Selection
Proj. Initiation & Planning
Analysis
Logical Design
Physical Design
Implementation
Maintenance
Deliverable 3
New System Design
(ERD/DFD)

13. Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Project ID and Selection
Proj. Initiation & Planning
Analysis
Logical Design
Physical Design
Implementation
Maintenance
Deliverable 4
DB Prototype

14. Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Project ID and Selection
Proj. Initiation & Planning
Analysis
Logical Design
Physical Design
Implementation
Maintenance
Deliverable 5
Final System &
Report

15. Different Techniques to Improving Information Systems Development
Prototyping
Building a scaled-down working version of the system
Advantages: users are involved in design, and captures requirements in concrete form
Rapid Application Development (RAD)
Utilizes prototyping to delay producing system design until after user requirements are clear
Joint Application Design (JAD)
Users, Managers and Analysts work together for several days
Structured meeting to review system requirements

16. Systems analysts Key individuals in the systems development process
Systems Analysts perform analysis and design based upon:
Understanding of organization’s objectives, structure and processes
Knowledge of how to exploit information technology for advantage

18. Succeeding as a Systems Analyst
Chapter 2
Succeeding as a Systems Analyst

19. Learning Objectives Discuss analytical skills
Describe technical skills
Discuss management skills
Discuss interpersonal skills
Describe systems analysis profession
2.19

20. Analytical Skills for Systems Analysis
Four Sets of Analytical Skills
Systems Thinking
Organizational Knowledge
Problem Identification
Problem Solving
2.20

21. Systems Thinking System
A system is an interrelated set of business procedures used within one business unit working together for a purpose
A system has nine characteristics
A system exists within an environment
A boundary separates a system from its environment
2.21

22. Characteristics of a System
Components
Interrelated Components
Boundary
Purpose
Environment
Interfaces
Input
Output
Constraints
2.22

23. Important System Concepts
Decomposition
Modularity
Coupling
Cohesion
Logical System Description
Physical System Description
2.23

24. Decomposition
The process of breaking down a system into smaller components

25. Modularity
Process of dividing a system into modules of a relatively uniform size
2.25

26. Coupling
Subsystems that are dependent upon each other are coupled

27. Cohesion
Extent to which a subsystem performs a single function

28. Logical System Description
Portrays the purpose and function of the system
2.28

29. Physical System Description
Focuses on how the system will be materially constructed

30. Systems Thinking -Benefits
ST leads to abstraction
abstraction leads to essential characteristics
Leads to insights into specific system
to question assumptions, provide documentation and manipulate the system without disrupting the real situation
2.30

31. Systems Thinking in Information systems
Information systems are subsystems in larger organizational systems
Data flow diagrams represent information systems as systems
Inputs
Outputs
System boundaries
Environment
Subsystems
Interrelationship
2.31

32. Problem Identification
Problem: Difference between an existing situation and a desired situation
Identification is process of defining differences
Differences are defined by comparing the current situation to the output of a model that predicts what the output should be
2.32

33. Problem Analyzing and Solving
Four Phases
Intelligence
All relevant information is collected
Design
Alternatives are formulated
Choice
Best alternative solution is chosen
Implementation
Solution is put into practice
2.33

34. Technical Skills for Systems Analysis
Constant re-education is necessary as technology changes rapidly
Activities to keep skills up-to-date
Understanding of a wide variety of technologies is required
2.34

35. Management Skills for Systems Analysis
Four categories
Resource Management
Project Management
Risk Management
Change Management
2.35

36. Interpersonal Skills for Systems Analysis
Four types of skills:
Communication skills
Working alone and with a team
Facilitating groups
Managing expectations
2.36

37. Communication Skills Three types used by Systems Analyst
Interviewing and Listening
Questionnaires
Written and Oral Presentation
2.37

38. Facilitating Groups
Involves guiding a group without being a part of the group
Useful skill for sessions such as Joint Application Development (JAD)
Figure 2-9 lists guidelines for running a successful meeting
2.38

39. Systems Analysis as a Profession
Standards have been established for education, training, certification and practice
Several aspects:
Standards of Practice
Ethics
Career Path
2.39

40. Standards of Practice Development of a Common Language
Common programming languages
Common modeling languages, such as Unified Modeling Language (UML)

41. Career Paths Consulting Information Systems within a large corporation
Software vendors
Other opportunities outside of systems analysis
2.41