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2. Dam and hydro-structure monitoring with FO distributed sensing Presented by: Riccardo Belli – PLM Distributed System

3. Web Seminar You should hear my voice through your PC speaker / headset You can ask questions using the “Questions” panel on the right of your screen. We will answer: In the “Questions” Panel At the end of the presentation By email Later this week you will receive link to: Presentation in PowerPoint, PDF and with narration Datasheets

4. Contents Introduction / motivations to dam and hydro- structure Monitoring with Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors Technology Application Examples Questions and Answers

5. Motivations Traditional sensing

6. ? ? ? ? ? Motivations Anomaly occurence

7. Motivations Sensing everywhere

8. Dam & Hydro-structure Monitoring Goals Detection of anomalies seepage internal erosion hot spot leaking cracks Analysis of anomaly evolution Threshold monitoring Seamless integration with traditional sensors Remote monitoring with alert triggering Precise localization SENSING EVERYWHERE

9. Technology

10. Distributed Sensing Single fiber optic sensor (sensing cable) Every segment of sensing cable replaces a discrete sensor (typically a long gage sensor) Provides for location (where?) and magnitude (how much?) of measurand (average strain and/or average temperature) Complete measurand profile obtained by single scan

11. T, ε DiTemp - Raman scattering effects The Raman Anti-Stokes power is proportional to the thermal state of the optical fiber and changes according to environmental temperature changes that acts on the optical fiber. Scattering medium Laser, o

12. DiTemp System T1T1 Reading Unit Distributed Sensor 0m 1m 100m 1km 5km T1T1 T2T2 T2T2 Position [m] Temp. [°C]

13. DiTemp Harsh System Distributed Raman scattering  Temperature range: -40° C to 300° C  Temperature accuracy: 0.1° C  Temperature resolution: 0.01° C  Sampling resolution: 1m  Measurement Range: 5 km  Number of channel: 4  Power consumption: 18 W ( operating ), 0.5 W ( idle )  Power requirements: 12-24 VDC  Sensing fiber: MMF 50/125 m (ITU.T G.651)  Operating Temperature range: -40° C to 65° C  Remote operation

14. DiTemp Temperature Sensor Leakage sensor and self heating cable  Temperature range: -40° C to 85° C  Fiber: 4MMF (ITU.T G.651)  Armoured: Stainless steel + wires (SS 316)  Self heating cable: Stainless steel + wires + copper

15. Management of distributed measurement data Temperature measurement analysis of single and multiple sensors System Status Management Automatic and schedule measurements 24 / 7 Alert triggering Warnings based on threshold and rate conditions Voice message, e-mail, SMS, acknowledge via SMS Remote connection and assistance Data displayed on maps DiView Software

16. DiTemp system working principle Passive method _ Leak Detection algorithm temperature anomaly warming cooling T/ °C time T/ °C time Pipeline leak

17. DiTemp system working principle Active method HPM _ Heat Pulse Method – self heating cable T heating T leak T environment Temperature Time HEATING TRANSIENTCOOLING TRANSIENT T NO LEAK T LEAK

18. Applications examples

19. Siahbishe Upper and Lower Dam Siabishe Hydropower Dam Siahbishe Mazandaran Province Iran Hydropower Plant

20. Siahbishe Upper Dam The Siah Bishe Pumped-storage Hydroelectric Power Project is the first in Iran. It provides valuable cover for demand surges in Northern provinces of Iran. Located 125 km from Tehran has an installed capacity of 1000 MW. The plant is intended to play a vital role in stabilizing the entire North Iran power grid, ensuring the safe operation of thermal power plants in the surrounding provinces. They have a storage volume of 3.5 and 3.6 million cubic meters, stand 82.5 & 102 meters high, and 436 & 332 meters across the crest. The main aims are in this monitoring projects are: - seepage at plinths level - active detection system with HPM technique

21. Siahbishe Upper Dam Plinth of the upstream face of the upper dam

22. Siahbishe Dam – cable installation Final Distributed Temperature Sensors Layout DiTemp

23. damage non measurable zone Layout scenario in case of cable breakage Siahbishe Dam – cable installation

24. DiTemp damage Solution scenario in case of cable breakage Siahbishe Dam – cable installation

25. Detail of Distributed Temperature Sensors Layout Siahbishe Dam – cable installation

26. Integration of Temperature sensor into geotextile fleece structure Protection of the installed integrated Temperature structure with sand Siahbishe Dam – cable installation

27. Siahbishe CMP Complete and flexible CMP installation

28. Site measurements Absolute temperature measurements during heating Differential temperature measurements during heating

29. Site measurements Heating procedure - theoretical Heating procedure - practical

30. Site measurements Absolute temperature measurements Differential temperature measurements

31. Nam Ngum II Dam Nam Ngum II Nam Ngum Reservoir Laos Hydropower plant

32. Nam Ngum II Dam The dam is 181 meters high with a capacity of 615 megawatts and can produce 2300kw of electric power per hour. The structure is located on the Nam Ngum River, north of the Nam Ngum Dam I, about 90km out of Vientiane. The objective of the Nam Ngum II project is to produce electricity for sale to Thailand and for local consumption. The main aims are: - seepage at plinths level - active detection system with HPM technique

33. Nam Ngum II Dam Construction phases of the dam

34. Final Distributed Temperature Sensors Layout Nam Ngum II Dam – cable installation

37. Detail of Distributed Temperature Sensors Layout Nam Ngum II Dam – cable installation

38. Nam Ngum II CMP Heating system DiTemp Computer with DiView

39. Site measurements – data analysis Temperature mapping during impounding

40. Koudiat Acerdoune Dam Country of Lakhdaria District of Bouira Algeria Water supply & Irrigation

41. Koudiat Acerdoune Dam The construction of the Koudiat Acerdoune dam, with a capacity of 900 million m 3, was allotted by the National Dam Agency to Razel Algeria. Made out of compacted concrete, the dam is supported by marly-shale soils. The main aims in this monitoring projects are : - temperature gradient inside the dam - seepage detection at dam low level

42. Koudiat Acerdoune Dam KA Dam – April 2008 KA Dam – March 2009

43. Koudiat Acerdoune Dam Final Distributed Temperature Sensors Layout F1F2F3 F4

44. Koudiat Acerdoune Dam DiTemp Reading Unit and accessories in the final CMP

45. Example of temperature profile measured on F4 Koudiat Acerdoune Dam – data analysis

46. 20092008 20092008 Downstream face Upstream face Water reservoir Ground

47. Luzzone Dam Luzzone Dam Reservoir Switzerland Hydropower plant

48. The Luzzone arch dam was completed in 1963. In the years 1997–1998, its height was increased by 17 m. The reservoir has a volume of 108 million m³ and a surface area of 1.27 km². The main aims in this monitoring projects are: are: - Temperature distribution inside a large concrete block during setting reaction, during construction phase - Verify simulations, avoid excessive temperature gradients, optimize concrete pouring sequence to improve knowledge on the dam behavior Luzzone Dam

49. Luzzone Dam – cable layout

50. Luzzone Dam – data analysis

51. Artificial Water Reservoir Water Resevoir Murcia Spain Water supply & Irrigation

52. Artificial Water Reservoir The structure is a large artificial water reservoir with a length of 750m and a width of 270m The main aims in this monitoring projects are: -Early stage detection of leakage in the bed of the water reservoir -active detection system with HPM technique

53. Artificial Water Reservoir Construction phases of the water reservoir

54. Artificial Water Reservoir Final Distributed Temperature Sensors Layout

55. Artificial Water Reservoir Final Distributed Temperature Sensors Layout

56. DiView software System installed in the CMP DiView Software running

57. Conclusion Anomaly detection seepage internal erososion hot spot leaking cracks Precise localization of temperature anomaly over long distances SENSING EVERYWHERE Reliability in demanding environments Extended measurements range Cost effective On-line permanent monitoring Powerful and versatile software for data management and intelligent alerts

58. Dam & Hydro Structure Monitoring For more information www.roctest-group.com Thank you for your attention